Microsoft Internet Explorer Author's Guide and HTML Reference

This author's guide and HTML reference describes the construction of interactive HTML-based documents that can be viewed with Microsoft® Internet Explorer. The guide begins with a chapter that describes the elements necessary to create the basic HTML document. The chapters that follow include topics for lists, tables, frames, objects, ActiveX™ Controls, and so on. The HTML Reference section provides a description, an example, and a source specification for each HTML element supported by Internet Explorer.

Category 	Description

About HTML Standards 	Describes HTML standards and source specifications.

Basics 	Reviews construction of a basic HTML document.

Lists 	Reviews types of lists and their construction.

Character Formatting 	Shows character formatting and font control.

Images and Multimedia 	Describes how to include graphics, sound, video, and marquees.

Color 	Gives a list of colors that can be referred to by name.

Frames 	Lays out the basics of frame design.

Tables 	Describes building and formatting tables and table elements.

Forms 	Details the construction of forms, and lists the form input controls.

Style Sheets 	Illustrates the use of style sheets.

Cascading Style Sheets 	Reviews cascading style sheets.

Image Maps 	Demonstrates the use of an image with multiple "hot spots."

Scripts 	Shows how to include Visual Basic and Java scripts.

Objects 	Gives an overview of inserting OLE objects and ActiveX Controls.

Client Pull 	Describes pulling data from the server automatically.

Character Sets 	Appendix A: Special characters.

Source Specification 	Appendix B: Source specifications for elements.


About HTML Standards

HTML is the standard language for creating documents for the World Wide Web (WWW). The HTML used by Microsoft Internet Explorer provides a robust implementation of the HTML standards being defined by the main Web organizing bodies and used by the most popular browsers—such as Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. HTML for Internet Explorer 3.0 is consistent with published standards, and yet includes new, more powerful elements and controls. This HTML recognizes that authors who write online documents for the WWW are proactive in promoting additions and modifications to HTML. These authors want the most popular of those extensions to be part of the development language and the browser that they use.

The HTML used by Internet Explorer provides key handles for the experienced WWW author to move outside HTML into scripts, such as Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript) and JScript, and object-oriented (OO) programming languages, such as Microsoft Visual C++® and Java™. The author may not write these OO programs, but this HTML gives the author the ability to embed objects, control their input, and influence the layout of these objects within an HTML page. Thus, a spectrum of complexity and power is available to the Web developer with HTML as a foundation. One author can produce a document for the Web using just HTML. Another author who wants to tie a Web page to a database can add VBScript objects. A third author can construct content using a C++ object model. HTML can provide the entry point for each of these authors.


Basics

An HTML document is a text file that contains the elements Internet Explorer uses to display text, multimedia objects, and hyperlinks. HTML stands for hypertext markup language. Using HTML, an author can format a document for display and add hyperlink jumps to other documents. Text that is formatted as a hyperlink can be selected by a user with the mouse. Once selected, the hyperlink jump will load the referenced document into your browser. A hyperlink and the object to which the link jumps can both be defined using HTML.

An element is the most basic part of HTML. An element consists of a start-tag, an end-tag, and the data characters enclosed by the two tags. A tag starts with a less-than (<) sign and ends with a greater-than (>) sign. An end-tag consists of the tag name immediately preceded by a slash (/). Some tags require that you always provide the matching end-tag; others allow you to omit the end-tag if the result is clear and unambiguous. For example, here is an element in HTML—a sentence that will display in bold:

<B>This sentence displays in bold.</B>

The example is an HTML element. The start-tag is <B>. The end-tag is </B>. The data characters are "This sentence displays in bold." This element, when read by Internet Explorer, will turn on bold formatting, based on the start-tag, and display the data characters in bold. The end-tag switches off the bold formatting. Many elements can be "nested" by placing an entire element inside the tags of another. For example, here is some italicized text placed inside a bold element:

<B>This sentence,<I>as written</I>, displays in bold.</B>

The <I>as written</I> element displays in both bold and italic because it is nested inside a bold element.

An element can have one or more attributes. An attribute is a parameter associated with an element that extends its meaning. Tags and attribute names are not case-sensitive, but they are typically written in uppercase to distinguish them from the data characters.

This is a very simple HTML document:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">lt;HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>Simple HTML Document</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<P>A very simple HTML document.

</BODY>

</HTML>

Every HTML document begins with the !DOCTYPE element. !DOCTYPE specifies to the browser which version of HTML is being used. The next element in this basic document is HTML, which informs the browser that the content of the file is written in HTML. The matching end-tag (</HTML>) is the last tag in the file. The HEAD tag marks the beginning of the document header. The document header describes the elements that apply for all sections of the current document and any documents that contain content or are related to this document. Typically, the TITLE element appears in the header. Internet Explorer displays the text of the TITLE element in its title bar. A menu bar or image that is repeated for other documents may appear in the header section. The BODY element appears at the start of the main content of the document. The BODY element encloses the body text, images, and multimedia objects. The P element inserts a new paragraph with a carriage return and line feed. The end-tag, </P>, is typically omitted.

With HTML, you can create hyperlink jumps between your documents. A hyperlink is any text or image that, when clicked, loads another document or another section of the current document into the Internet Explorer window. The A element, or anchor, associates text or a graphic to another document or to a location within the current document. A hyperlink appears as a clickable "hot spot" (the clickable text or image). To create a hyperlink, you enclose the text or image with the anchor tags and set the HREF= attribute to the destination address, as in the following:

<P>Click <A HREF="//www.microsoft.com/">here</A> to visit the Microsoft Web site.

In this example, the address for the Web site is enclosed in double quotation marks. The double quotation marks are optional unless the attribute value contains spaces. If you enclose a value that contains double quotation marks, use &QUOT; for each occurrence of the mark within the value.

For example, you can create a hyperlink destination (anchor spot) within your HTML document by using the NAME= attribute. Use the A element to relate text or a graphic to a name that you create. Then reference the name with a hyperlink. In the following example, the first line creates the named reference. The second line in the example includes a hyperlink with a jump to that place in the document.

<A NAME="using"></A><H2>Using Internet Explorer 3.0</H2>

...

<P>For more information, see <A HREF="#usingie30">Using Internet Explorer 3.0</A>

When you click the hyperlink "Using Internet Explorer", you jump to the named reference, usingie30.

Note  Although Internet Explorer can display incomplete or improperly tagged files, the result is often not what you may have intended. You should always use the tags carefully, using them only in the context in which they are defined to be used and omitting end-tags only if they are defined as optional.

The typical HTML document consists of one or more text paragraphs organized into sections. You can mark the beginning of the sections in your HTML documents by using the header Hn element, where "n" is a number from 1 to 6 (1 creates the highest level heading and uses the largest font size). These elements create headings by applying changes to the size and style of the text to indicate the section level. The specific heading format can be controlled by using attributes or a style sheet; otherwise, it takes the default formatting. The following example creates a first-level section heading:

<H1>Welcome to Internet Explorer!</H1>

The Hn element allows for six levels; you specify the level by using the element name that includes that level number (H1, H2, H3, and so on). The end-tag is always required.

By default, section headings are left-aligned. You can override the default alignment and center the heading by using the ALIGN= attribute, as in the following example:

<H2 ALIGN=CENTER>How to Use Internet Explorer</H2>

In addition to using the P element to create simple paragraphs, you can use elements, such as BLOCKQUOTE, LISTING, PLAINTEXT, PRE, and XMP, to create paragraphs that use a different size and style for the text. For example, you can use the PRE element to display characters in a fixed-width font rather than the variable-width font used for simple paragraphs, or the BLOCKQUOTE element to slightly indent the paragraph text (from both the left and right margins) to make the paragraph stand out.

You can apply a style to a sequence of paragraphs (for example, those tagged with P) by enclosing the paragraphs with an ADDRESS, BLOCKQUOTE, or CENTER element. The following example shows how to center a sequence of simple paragraphs:

<CENTER>

<P>This paragraph is centered.

<P>And this paragraph is centered too.

</CENTER>

An alternate way to center individual paragraphs is to use the ALIGN= attribute with the P element and set the attribute value to CENTER, as in the following example:

<P ALIGN=CENTER>This paragraph is centered.

will display as:

	This paragraph is centered.


Lists

You can create a variety of lists in your document by using the UL, OL, MENU, and DIR elements in conjunction with the LI element. You can also create definition lists that give you a simple two-column list for terms and their definitions.

For example, you can create a bulleted list, consisting of individual items preceded by a bullet character, by using UL and LI, as in the following example:

<UL>

<LI>Bulleted Lists

<LI>Ordered Lists

<LI>Directory Lists

<LI>Itemized Lists

<LI>Definition Lists

</UL>

This displays as:

•	Bulleted Lists

•	Ordered Lists

•	Directory Lists

•	Itemized Lists

•	Definition Lists

You use the OL and LI elements to create an ordered list. The ordered list consists of individual items that are sequentially numbered or lettered. To set the style of numbering or lettering, you use the TYPE= attribute in OL. Similarly, you use the START= attribute to set the initial number or letter. By default, the style is decimal numbers starting at 1.

<OL>

<LI>Step One.

<LI>Step Two.

<LI>Step Three.

</OL>

This displays as:

1	Step One.

2	Step Two.

3	Step Three.

The DIR and LI elements create a directory list, consisting of individual items (none containing more than 20 characters) displayed in columns. The MENU and LI elements create an itemized list consisting of individual items.

A definition list is formatted as a two-column list with terms on the left and their definitions on the right. You use the DL, DT, and DD elements to create definition lists. The following example shows how to use these elements to create a list:

<DL>

<DT>Cat

<DD>A small domesticated mammal.

<DT>Lizard

<DD>A member of the reptile family found in dry areas.

</DL>

This displays as:

Cat

A small domesticated mammal.

Lizard

A member of the reptile family found in dry areas.


Character Formatting

You can use a variety of elements to set the size and style of the text characters. For example, you can use the B or STRONG element to make text bold, and the I or EM element to make text italic. Similarly, you can use the S or STRIKE element to strike out text, and the U element to underline text. The following examples set words and phrases within the paragraphs to bold and italic:

<P>This <B>word</B> is bold. This <I>word</I> is italic.

This displays as:

This word is formatted as bold. This word is formatted as italic.

<P><STRONG>Text formatted as strong.</STRONG> <EM>Emphasized text.</EM>.

This displays as:

Text formatted as strong. Emphasized text.

You can apply character formatting to a sequence of paragraphs (for example, those tagged with P) by enclosing the paragraphs with a character formatting element. For example, to make all the text in a sequence of paragraphs bold, do the following:

<B>

<P>This text is bold.

<P>And this text is bold too.

</B>

Although you can use this technique with simple paragraphs, some elements "block" the effect of the character formatting elements. For example, you cannot make all the text in a table bold by enclosing it in a B element.

You can create superscripts and subscripts by using the SUP and SUB elements. These elements reduce the size of the text and align it at the top or bottom of the current line of text.

You can change the size of the text by using elements such as BIG and SMALL, or by using the SIZE= attribute with the FONT element. The following example increases the size of the word "LARGE" and reduces the word "TINY":

<P>Use the <BIG>LARGE</BIG> machine for business,

the <SMALL>TINY</SMALL> machine for personal items.

If you use the FONT element to change text size, you can specify either a fixed or relative size. A fixed size is a number in the range 1 through 7. A relative size is a positive or negative number, preceded by the plus (+) or minus (-) sign, that indicates a size that is relative to the base font size, as set using the BASEFONT element. The following example shows the effect of using relative sizes:

<BASEFONT SIZE=3> This sets the base font size to 3.

<FONT SIZE="+4"> Now the font size is 7.

<FONT SIZE="-1"> Now the font size is 2.

You can also use the FACE= attribute with the FONT element to set the name of the font used for text. Some of the most used fonts are "Arial", "Times New Roman", and "Courier New", but you can use the name of any font installed on the computer on which your HTML document is being viewed. The following example sets the "Arial" font for the text in the section heading:

<H1><FONT FACE="ARIAL">Welcome to Internet Explorer!</FONT></H1>

If the given font is not available, Internet Explorer uses a default font. To increase the chances that a font of your choice is applied to the text, you can specify more than one font in a FONT element. In this case, Internet Explorer checks for each font (in the order given) before using the default font. In the following example, Internet Explorer checks for "Arial", "Lucida Sans", and "Times Roman" before resorting to the default font:

<FONT FACE="Arial,Lucida Sans,Times Roman"> This text will be in either Arial,

Lucida Sans, or Times Roman, depending on which fonts you have installed on your system.</FONT>

You can apply size and font changes to a sequence of paragraphs by enclosing the paragraphs with the FONT element. As with other character formatting elements, some elements do not accept the effect of FONT, so this technique does not work for all paragraphs. For example, table elements accept changes to the font's name but size changes are not accepted.


Color

You can set colors in your HTML document by using the color attributes of the BODY, FONT, HR, MARQUEE, and TABLE elements. For example, you can set background color for your document by using the BGCOLOR= attribute with the BODY element as in the following example:

<BODY BGCOLOR=WHITE>

<P>This page has a white background.

</BODY>

You can specify colors in two ways: by using a color name (as in the example above), or by using numbers to denote a red-green-blue color value.

Internet Explorer supports these color names:

AQUA, BLACK, BLUE, FUCHSIA

GRAY, GREEN, LIME, MAROON

NAVY, OLIVE, PURPLE, RED

SILVER, TEAL, WHITE, YELLOW

Note  This feature is not compatible with Netscape v2.0.

A red-green-blue color value consists of three two-digit hexadecimal numbers, with each number specifying the intensity of the corresponding color. For example, the color value #FF0000 is red because the red number is set to its highest value, FF (255 in the decimal, or base 10, system). Green and blue are set to zero. Similarly, #00FF00 is green and #0000FF is blue. The pound sign (#) is optional. In this example, a red horizontal rule is displayed by the following HTML code:

<HR COLOR="#00FF0000">

Although red-green-blue color values theoretically allow for many thousands of colors, the actual number of colors available for your HTML document depends on the color capabilities of the devices the document will be viewed on. Many personal computers can display only 16 colors due to the type of video display adapter they use. Always choose colors carefully, and whenever possible test your color choices on a variety of computers.


Images and Multimedia

You can embed images, sounds, and even video clips in your HTML document by using the IMG and BGSOUND elements. And you can apply simple animation to text by using the MARQUEE element.

You use the IMG element to insert images into your document. You specify the image source, typically a .bmp, .gif, or JPEG file, and specify the image attributes, such as the width and height, alignment, and so on. The following example demonstrates how to display a .bmp file, TheEarth.bmp.

<IMG SRC="TheEarth.bmp" WIDTH=46 HEIGHT=46 ALT="Picture of the Earth">

The SRC= attribute specifies the name of the image file. The file will be sized in a square 46 pixels wide by 46 pixels high. For a text-only browser, the text "Picture of the Earth" will display in place of the .gif file. The ALT= attribute specifies the text to be displayed if the user chooses not to view images.

When you place an IMG element in text, Internet Explorer aligns the surrounding text with the bottom of the image. You can align the text with the top or middle of the image by using the ALIGN= attribute to set the alignment to TOP or MIDDLE. In this case, the image keeps its position within the surrounding text.

You can also use the ALIGN= attribute to have the text flow around the image. For example, setting this attribute to LEFT aligns the image with the left margin and wraps all subsequent text around the right side of the image. Similarly, setting it to RIGHT wraps all subsequent text around the left side. When you use the LEFT or RIGHT alignment, typically it is useful to also use the BR element with the CLEAR= attribute to stop wrapping and force all remaining text below the image, as in the following example:

<IMG SRC="TheEarth.gif" ALIGN=LEFT> Here's some text to the right of a picture.

<BR CLEAR=LEFT>Here's some text beneath the picture.

You can also use the IMG element to insert video clips, such as .avi (Audio Video Interleave) video files, into your document. You specify the name of the clip by using the DYNSRC= attribute, as in the following example:

<IMG DYNSRC="TheEarth.avi" SRC="TheEarth.gif" WIDTH=46 HEIGHT=46 LOOP=INFINITE ALIGN=RIGHT>

As in the example, the LOOP= attribute specifies how often the video clip plays. Here the clip plays continuously because LOOP= is set to INFINITE. You can use the CONTROLS and START= attributes to control whether the clip plays when the document loads or when the user clicks a "placeholder" image specified by SRC=.

You can make an image a hyperlink hot spot "anchoring" the IMG element to a reference with the A element. By default, Internet Explorer draws a border around the image to mark it as a hot spot. To remove the border, set the BORDER= attribute in the IMG element to zero.

You can add background sounds or music to your document by using the BGSOUND element. You specify the address of a sound file, such as a .wav, .au, or MIDI file, and use the LOOP= attribute to set how often the file plays, as in the following example:

<BGSOUND SRC="boing.wav" LOOP=5>You will hear a sound played five times in a row.

You can animate a line of text by using the MARQUEE element. The element automatically scrolls the text, to the left or right, whenever a user views your document. To animate the text, you enclose it in the element and set attributes for scroll direction, type, and amount, as in the following example:

<MARQUEE DIRECTION=RIGHT BEHAVIOR=SCROLL SCROLLAMOUNT=10

SCROLLDELAY=200>This text is displaying in a right scrolling marquee.</MARQUEE>

In this example, the text "This text is displaying in a right scrolling marquee." scrolls from the left margin to the right. After it disappears beyond the right margin, it starts again at the left. The text moves 10 pixels after each 200 millisecond delay.

You can align marquees to the left or right, like images, and also set the background color, height, width, and extra spacing around the marquee.


Frames

Frames give you a way to organize and structure the content of your HTML documents by letting you create compound documents that the user can view within the main window of Internet Explorer. To use frames, you create a document that uses the FRAMESET and FRAME elements to divide the main window into rectangular frames (like panes in a window). Then, for each frame, you specify an HTML document that contains the content (text and images) to fill the frame. Floating frames enable you to open a browser within a browser. You can insert a floating frame in the same manner in which you can insert an image on an HTML page. You can specify the size of the frame and its border, and you can align it with other text and images on the page. With frames, you can create sophisticated layouts that add and mix sounds, video, animation, and colors. Using two frames in a single page, you can display an index in one frame and the content in another. For example, you can split the main window into two equal frames and fill these with different documents by using the following elements:

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>Two Equal Frames</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<FRAMESET COLS="50%,*">

<FRAME SRC=x.htm>

<FRAME SRC=y.htm>

</FRAMESET>

</HTML>

In this example, the COLS= attribute in the FRAMESET element specifies the width of the frames. The width of the first frame is 50 percent of the main window, and the width of the second, given as an asterisk, is relative to the first (meaning it spans whatever is left of the main window). Note that this document does not contain a BODY element. This is because documents that define frames do not contain content. Instead, the SRC= attribute in each FRAME element specifies a document. In this example, the x.htm and y.htm files are content sources for the frames.

You can divide the main window into rows, as well as columns, by using the ROWS= attribute. Furthermore, you can independently divide individual rows into rows and columns by nesting FRAMESET elements. The following example shows how to divide the main window into two rows in which the last row is divided into two columns:

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>Nested Frames</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<FRAMESET ROWS="10%,*">

<FRAME SCROLLING=NO SRC=z.htm>

<FRAMESET COLS="50%,*">

<FRAME SRC=x.htm>

<FRAME SRC=y.htm>

</FRAMESET>

</FRAMESET>

</HTML>

In this example, the SCROLLING= attribute is used in the first FRAMEelement to prevent the scroll bar from being displayed. By default, Internet Explorer displays the scroll bar only if the entire content of the frame does not fit within the frame. Setting SCROLLING= to NO always prevents the scroll bar.

The FRAME element has attributes to let you set the width and height of margins within the frame, and whether the frame has a border. The FRAMESET element has attributes to let you set the spacing between frames, and whether the frames in the set have borders.

An important feature of the FRAME element is the NAME= attribute. This attribute lets you assign a unique name to the frame; you then use this name when creating hyperlinks to direct documents into the frame. To create such a hyperlink, use the TARGET= attribute in the A element. For example, the following element creates a hyperlink that displays the x.htm file in a frame named CONTENT:

<A HREF="x.htm" TARGET="CONTENT">List of Components</A>

Internet Explorer provides an alternate way to create compound documents by letting you place frames in your HTML document using the IFRAME element. Called "floating frames," this design technique allows you to insert HTML documents into your document in the same way you insert images using the IMG element. This means you can use the ALIGN= attribute just as you do with IMG to align the frame with the surrounding text. The following example aligns a frame at the left margin and wraps subsequent text around the right side of the frame:

<IFRAME SRC="xx.htm" ALIGN=LEFT>

</IFRAME> Here's some text to the right of a frame.

<BR CLEAR=LEFT>Here's some text beneath the frame.

The IFRAME syntax may not be compatible with all browsers. In that case, you can use a FRAME element within the IFRAME tags to provide an alternative presentation. For example:

<IFRAME SRC="xx.htm" ALIGN=LEFT>FRAME SRC="xx.htm"

<IFRAME>

In the previous example, the text of xx.htm will display in a floating frame in either an IFRAME or non-IFRAME-compatible browser. Remember that you set the attributes of IFRAME and FRAME independently. For example, if you want to specify position or size, you include those attributes in both the IFRAME tag and the FRAME tag.


Tables

Use the TABLE element to format a table. The TR element (table row) inserts a row in the table, and the TD element (table detail) inserts a cell within a row. With Internet Explorer 3.0 as the browser, images or text can be placed within the cells. This example shows the HTML elements for a simple table:

<TABLE>

<TR>

<TD>Apples<TD>Celery

<TR>

<TD>Oranges<TD>Carrots

</TABLE>

This displays as:

Apples	Celery
Oranges	Carrots
By default, Internet Explorer aligns the table to the left. The width of the table, unless specified, is determined by the content of the longest element in each column. The content of each cell is aligned to the middle and to the left edge of each cell, but you can override these defaults. For example, you can set the width of the table by using the WIDTH= attribute in the TABLE element. You can align the content of each cell to the top, left, right, or bottom of a cell by using the ALIGN= and VALIGN= attributes in TR or TD. This example creates a table that is the full width of the Internet Explorer window. The contents of the cells are at the top and the left:

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT>

<TD>Apples<TD>Celery

<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT>

<TD>Oranges<TD>Carrots

</TABLE>

This displays as:

Apples		Celery
Oranges		Carrots
In this example, the table width is given as a percentage of the total Internet Explorer window width. But you can also specify table widths in pixels.

You can add a caption, row and column headings, and a border to a table by using elements and attributes. For example, you can add a caption to a table by using the CAPTION element. By default, the caption is centered above the table, but you can use the ALIGN= attribute to place the caption at the top or bottom and at the left or right edge of the table.

To add headings to the rows and columns of a table, use the TH element. This element is like the TD element in that it creates a cell and can contain text and images, but it automatically emphasizes its text to distinguish it from text in other cells. To draw a border around the table and the individual cells, you use the BORDER= attribute in the TABLE element. Specify the border width in pixels. The following example creates a table with headings, border, and a caption:

<TABLE BORDER=1>

<CAPTION>Fruits and Vegetables</CAPTION>

<TR>

<TH>Fruits<TH>Vegetables

<TR>

<TD>Apples<TD>Celery

<TR>

<TD>Oranges<TD>Carrots

</TABLE>

By default, Internet Explorer centers headings in the cell, but you can override this by using the ALIGN= and VALIGN= attributes.

You can add color to your tables by using the BGCOLOR= and BORDERCOLOR= attributes. These attributes are available in the TABLE, TR, and TD elements, so you can apply colors to all cells in a table, to cells in selected rows, or to individual cells. The BGCOLOR= attribute sets the color used to fill the background of the cell before text and images are drawn. The BORDERCOLOR= attribute sets the color of the borders drawn around the table, row, or cell. The following example uses the same background color for the column headings, but different colors for the two columns in the table:

<TABLE BORDERCOLOR=NAVY BORDER=1>

<CAPTION>Fruits and Vegetables</CAPTION>

<TR BGCOLOR=GRAY>

<TH>Fruits<TH>Vegetables

<TR>

<TD BGCOLOR=LIME>Apples<TD BGCOLOR=AQUA>Celery

<TR>

<TD BGCOLOR=LIME>Oranges<TD BGCOLOR=AQUA>Carrots

</TABLE>

You can change the character formatting for the text in a table by using elements such as B, I, and FONT. You can change the color and font name for all text in a table by enclosing the table in an appropriate FONT element, but the table elements block the effect of other character formatting elements. To get these effects, you must apply the elements within each cell.

Within a cell, you can use most of the elements that you ordinarily use in the body of the HTML document, including elements for section headings, lists, and even other tables. Using tables in this way can give you additional control over the placement of text and images when your document is displayed, but can also make the management of your document more complex. For example, you can use tables to give your document a two-column layout by nesting a single-column table in each cell of a two-column table. But if you do this, you must take special care to divide the content of your document equally between the two nested tables and be prepared to account for differences in the size of the window through which users view your document. In most cases, documents that use tables in this way are designed to be viewed within a minimum window size at a given screen resolution.

If you use tables in the more traditional way (that is, presenting information in rows and columns), there are some additional elements and attributes that can make that job easier. The THEAD, TBODY, and TFOOT elements let you divide your tables into parts: header, body, and footer. The COLGROUP and COL elements let you group columns within the table and globally apply properties, such as alignment, to the columns without having to specify these properties in each TD element.

The FRAME= and RULES= attributes in the TABLE element let you control how the table border is drawn. For example, you can choose to have no border around the outside of the table, while restricting the border inside the table to just vertical rules separating the columns and horizontal rules separating the table header, body, and footer. The COLSPAN= and ROWSPAN= attributes in the TD and TH elements let you extend the content of a cell into adjoining cells. This is useful, for example, if you need to stretch a column heading across more than one column.

The following example shows how some of these elements and attributes can be used in a table:

<TABLE WIDTH="50%" BORDER=1 FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS>

<COLGROUP ALIGN=CENTER>

<COLGROUP ALIGN=CENTER>

<THEAD>

<TR>

<TH COLSPAN=2>Fruits and Vegetables

<TBODY>

<TR>

<TD>Apples<TD>Celery

<TR>

<TD>Oranges<TD>Carrots

</TABLE>

Internet Explorer supports advanced table functionality, including displaying background images behind table cells, specifying rules or borders just along columns or along rows, and aligning text to the baseline within a table cell.


Style Sheets

Style sheets give you the ability to attach styles to HTML pages, letting you control margins, line spacing, the placement of elements, colors, fonts faces, and font sizes. Style sheets make it easier to create an index because indexing software has only to read the structural elements rather than the full content of a page. Cascading style sheets are supported by Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0.

You can include a style sheet as part of an HTML document and apply the style to some or all of the text, or you can create a style sheet as a separate document and attach it to one or more pages on your Web site. And you can use both methods in a single document—creating a style sheet for all the documents on a Web site, while selectively applying a special style sheet to text within selected documents.

There are two ways to place style information inside a document. The first is to assign a style to an element. For example, here's how to specify a paragraph with a font size of 20 points.

<P STYLE="font-size: 20pt"> This paragraph is in 20-point text.

As Hemingway once said, it is a great thing to be able to specify point sizes, especially large ones.

The second way to place style information in-line is to use a new element called SPAN. SPAN by itself doesn't mean anything; you use it to surround text to which you want to add style information. Here's how the SPAN element might be used:

<SPAN STYLE="margin-left: 1.0in"> This paragraph is 1.0 inches from the left margin.<SPAN>

To place style information at the top of a page, insert a STYLE block at the top of your document. The block is placed after the HTML element and before the BODY element. For example:

<HTML>

<STYLE>

BODY {background: white; color: black}

H1 {font: 14pt Arial bold}

P {font: 10pt Arial; text-indent: 0.5in}

A {text-decoration: none; color: blue}

</STYLE>

<BODY>

<H1>This is a headline! In 14-point Arial bold!</H1>

</BODY>

</HTML>

To assign more than one kind of style information at the same time, separate the styles with semicolons. For example, to set an entire HTML page to 10-point Times font, the colors to black on white, and both left and right margins to one inch, place this text before the BODY element:

<STYLE>

BODY {font: 10pt Times; color: black; background: white; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 1in}

</STYLE>

You can attach an external style sheet to a document or multiple documents on a site. To link a page to this style sheet, use the LINK element, as in the following example (where mystyles.css is the external style sheet):

<LINK REL=STYLE TYPE="text/css" HREF="http://www.mycompany.com/mystyles.css">

Note  You will need to make sure that the MIME type reported for "mystyles.css" is text/css.

The text formatting features supported by Internet Explorer 3.0 are described in this reference guide under the STYLE element.


Cascading Style Sheets

Using cascading style sheets, more than one style sheet can influence the presentation simultaneously. There are two main reasons for this feature: modularity and author/reader balance.

A style sheet designer can combine several (partial) style sheets to reduce redundancy:

  @import url(http://www.style.org/stylea);

  @import url(http://www.style.org/styleb);

  H1 { color: red }     /* override imported sheets */

Also, both readers and authors can influence the presentation through style sheets. To do so, they use the same style sheet language, thus reflecting a fundamental feature of the Web: everyone can become a publisher.

Sometimes conflicts will arise between the style sheets that influence the presentation. Conflict resolution is based on each style rule having a weight. By default, the weights of the reader's rules are less than the weights of rules in the author's documents, but style sheet designers can increase the weights of their rules by using the keyword "important". In this example, the H1 and P styles will override all other style sheet formatting:

  H1 { color: red ! important }

  P  { font-size: 12pt ! important }

A reader rule labeled important will override an author rule with normal weight. An author rule labeled important will override an important reader rule.

Cascading Order

Conflicting rules are intrinsic to the CSS mechanism. To find the value for an element/property combination, the following algorithm should be followed:

1. Find all declarations that apply to the element/property in question. Declarations apply if the selector matches the element in question. If no declarations apply, the inherited value is used. If there is no inherited value (this is the case on the root element and for properties that do not inherit), the initial value is used.

2. Sort the declarations by explicit weight: declarations marked '!important' carry more weight than unmarked (normal) declarations.

3. Sort by origin: the author's style sheets override the reader's style sheets, which override the UA's default values.

4. Sort by specificity of selector: more specific selectors will override more general ones. To find the specificity, count the number of ID attributes in the selector (a), the number of CLASS attributes in the selector (b), and the number of tag names in the selector (c). Concatenating the three numbers (in a number system with a large base) gives the specificity. Some examples are:

  LI            {...}  /* a=0 b=0 c=1 -> specificity =   1 */

  UL LI         {...}  /* a=0 b=0 c=2 -> specificity =   2 */

  UL OL LI      {...}  /* a=0 b=0 c=3 -> specificity =   3 */

  LI.red        {...}  /* a=0 b=1 c=1 -> specificity =  11 */

  UL OL LI.red  {...}  /* a=0 b=1 c=3 -> specificity =  13 */

  #x34y         {...}  /* a=1 b=0 c=0 -> specificity = 100 */

5. Sort by order specified: if two rules have the same weight, the latter specified should live.

The search for the property value can be terminated whenever one rule has a higher weight than the other rules that apply to the same element/property combination.

This strategy gives authors' style sheets considerably higher weight than those of the reader. It is therefore important that the reader has the ability to turn off the influence of a certain style sheet, for example through a pull-down menu.

A STYLE attribute on an element (see section 1.1 for an example) should be considered as if an ID attribute had been specified at the end of the style sheet.

The UA may choose to honor other stylistic attributes (for example, ALIGN) as if a STYLE attribute had been used. When in conflict with other stylistic attributes, the STYLE attribute should win.


Image Maps

Image maps allow users to access other documents by clicking different areas in an image. You can implement image maps in two ways: by storing image map information on a server or by including image map information in your document.

If you store image map information on a server, you need a script or other service on the server to process click information. In your document, you mark the image as a "server-side" image map by using the ISMAP attribute in the IMG element and enclosing the image in an A element, as in the following example:

<A HREF="Jump.map"><IMG SRC="Sample.gif" ISMAP></A>

In this example, the image map information is in the file named Jump.map. When the user clicks the picture in Sample.gif, the server receives the coordinates of the click and can pick the appropriate destination for the click by checking the information in Jump.map.

If you include image map information in your document, Internet Explorer processes the click information and picks the appropriate destination for the click. In your document, you mark the image as a "client-side" image map by using the USEMAP= attribute in the IMG element, and you add image map information by using the MAP and AREA elements, as in the following example:

<MAP NAME="map1">

<AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="0, 0, 16, 16" HREF="Sample1.htm">

<AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="16, 0, 16, 16" NOHREF>

<AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="0, 16, 16, 16" HREF="Sample2.htm">

<AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="16, 16, 16, 16" HREF="Sample3.htm">

</MAP>

<IMG BORDER=0 SRC="map1.gif" USEMAP="#map1">

In this example, the image map defines four equal rectangular areas. One area has no corresponding destination, but the other three map to the Sample1.htm, Sample2.htm, and Sample3.htm files, respectively.

The AREA element permits other shapes, such as circles and polygons. If two or more shapes overlap, Internet Explorer uses the first shape defined in the MAP element to determine the destination. Any number of AREA elements can specify the same destination. This is useful if you want to map a complex shape to a single destination. If a portion of the image is not within a given shape, clicking in that portion has no effect.


Forms

Forms provide a way to prompt the user for information and to carry out actions based on that input. A form consists of one or more input controls that the user uses to enter text and to select choices. Once the user provides the input, the form collects the data and sends it to a destination specified in the form element. To carry out the requested action, the server must have a script or other service that corresponds to the given destination. This script processes the information and can perform actions necessary to process the data.

To create a form, you use the FORM element to enclose one or more INPUT elements. The FORM element specifies the action to take when the user has provided the information. The INPUT elements define the type and function of the input controls in the form. The following example shows how to combine these elements to create a form:

<FORM ACTION="http://intranet/survey" METHOD=POST>

<P>Name

<BR><INPUT NAME="CONTROL1" TYPE=TEXTBOX VALUE="Your Name">

<P>Password

<BR><INPUT TYPE="PASSWORD" NAME="CONTROL2">

<P>Color

<BR><INPUT TYPE="RADIO" NAME="CONTROL3" VALUE="0" CHECKED>Red

<INPUT TYPE="RADIO" NAME="CONTROL3" VALUE="1">Green

<INPUT TYPE="RADIO" NAME="CONTROL3" VALUE="2">Blue

<P>Comments

<BR><INPUT TYPE="TEXTAREA" NAME="CONTROL4" SIZE="20,5" MAXLENGTH="250">

<P><INPUT NAME="CONTROL5" TYPE=CHECKBOX CHECKED>Send receipt

<P><INPUT TYPE="SUBMIT" VALUE="OK"><INPUT TYPE="RESET" VALUE="Reset">

</FORM>


Scripts

There are three ways to attach and invoke scripts in HTML: contain them in the SCRIPT element, use attributes of HTML elements, or use a custom URL type.

Using the SCRIPT Element

Use the SCRIPT element to add scripts to HTML. SCRIPT is a character-like element for embedding script code anywhere in the document HEAD or BODY. The SCRIPT element can be used to reference external scripts, using the SRC attribute, and to include script statements within the HTML document.

HTML documents can include multiple SCRIPT elements that can be placed in the document heading or body. This allows script statements for a form to be placed near the corresponding FORM element.

Here is a simple example of a page that uses the SCRIPT element:

<SCRIPT language="VBScript">

    '... Additional VBScript statements ...

</SCRIPT>

The same example in JScript would read:

<SCRIPT language="JScript">

    //... Additional JScript statements ...

</SCRIPT>

Evaluation of SCRIPT

There are three ways to attach and invoke scripts in HTML:

•	Use the SCRIPT element.

•	Use those attributes of HTML elements that support scripts.

•	Use a custom URL type.

Using the SCRIPT Element

Use the SCRIPT element to add scripts to HTML. SCRIPT is an element for embedding script code in a document. Using SCRIPT, the full source code of a script can be included within the document. The SCRIPT element can be used to point to external scripts, using the SRC attribute.

For example, this HTML describes a page with a SCRIPT element that includes code written in VBScript:

<SCRIPT language="VBScript">

Document.write("Hello, Webmaster.")

</SCRIPT>

The example in JScript would read:

<SCRIPT language="JScript">

    //... Additional JScript statements ...

</SCRIPT>

Evaluation of SCRIPT

The SCRIPT element is evaluated when the document is loaded. All code is executed at load time in the order in which it appears in the document. Therefore, any reference to an object must appear in the text after the script element in which the object is defined.

The document object's write method can insert both text and objects—such as buttons and ActiveX controls. These objects can be referenced only in a script block following the script block that defined them. You will be able to refer to and to copy references to objects that are the result of a code download. You can invoke any method on an object, but only when the object has been downloaded.

Using Scripts as Attributes of HTML Elements

Another way to insert scripts is to use the attributes of HTML elements that support scripts. When these attributes match with events on the elements, the script is executed when the event occurs. This can be done with HTML elements, such as forms, buttons, or links; however, this method does not work for items inserted using the OBJECT tag.

The following example uses this syntax in Button1 to handle the onClick event. To demonstrate the ability to combine multiple scripting languages on the same page, the scriptlet for Button1 is implemented in VBScript, and that for Button2 in JScript.

<form name="Form1">

<input type="button" name="Button1" value="VB" 	onClick="pressed" language="VBScript">

        <input type="button" name="Button2" value="Java"        onClick="pressed2()" language="JScript">

</form>

<script language="VBSCRIPT">

sub pressed

document.Form1.Button1.value="VBScript"

                alert "Pressed the VBScript button"

end sub

</script>

<script language="JScript">

function pressed2()

{

                document.Form1.Button2.value="JScript"

alert("Pressed the Java button.")

}

</script>

Note the use of the language attribute on the input tag to indicate the scriptlet's language. If no language is specified, the scriptlet defaults to the language of the most recently encountered script block. If no script block has been encountered, the language defaults to JScript.

The FORM, INPUT, BODY, and A elements support this syntax, but with differing events. See the individual tags referenced later in this document.

An Alternative Using SCRIPT

The SCRIPT element can also be used with the FOR="object" EVENT="eventname" syntax. This method can be used for any named elements, and for any elements inserted using the OBJECT tag. The following example is similar to the previous script example, but it uses a different syntax:

<form name="Form1">

        <input type="button" name="Button1" value="Click">

<script for="Button1" event="onClick" language="VBScript">

alert "Button has been pressed"

                document.Form1.Button1.value="PRESSED"

</script>

</form>

Using Scripts in URLs

Scripts can be invoked using the A element combined with a custom URL type. This allows a script to be executed when the user clicks a hyperlink. This URL type is valid in any context, but is most useful when used with the A element. For example:

<A HREF="jscript:alert('hi there')">Click me to see a message.<A>

displays an alert message box that contains the text 'hi there'.

Syntax

script-engine:script-code

Executes the script code using the script engine when the URL is resolved. For example, to execute a script when the user clicks a hyperlink, use:

<title> JScript example </title>

<A HREF=" jscript:alert(document.title)">Click here to see the title of the current document..</A>

Notice that the script is executed in the context of the current page, which means that document.title evaluates to the document containing the script.

Argument	Type	Description
script-engine	String	A string that names a scripting engine (must be JScript).
script-code	String	A string that evaluates to a script in the syntax supported by the scripting engine. This script is executed by the scripting engine when the URL is evaluated.
Note  This syntax is only supported for JScript in the current build of Internet Explorer; in particular, VBScript: will not work in the current build. All scripting engines will be supported in future builds. Also, the JScript: syntax is currently supported only from scripts, not when typed into the address bar by users.


Objects

Internet Explorer supports objects according to the WWW Consortium (W3C) object model extension to HTML 3.2. Objects add functionality to your HTML document by letting you insert images, video, and programs, such as Java applets, and ActiveX controls.

To insert an object, you use the OBJECT element, supplying attribute values that specify the object type, location, initial data, and so on. If the object has configurable properties, you can set these using the PARAM element. The following example shows how to insert the marquee ActiveX control and fill it with content:

<OBJECT

ALIGN=CENTER CLASSID="clsid:1a4da620-6217-11cf-be62-0080c72edd2d"

WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 BORDER=1 HSPACE=5

ID=marquee>

<PARAM NAME="ScrollStyleX" VALUE="Circular">

<PARAM NAME="ScrollStyleY" VALUE="Circular">

<PARAM NAME="szURL" VALUE="marqcont.htm">

<PARAM NAME="ScrollDelay" VALUE=60>

<PARAM NAME="LoopsX" VALUE=-1>

<PARAM NAME="LoopsY" VALUE=-1>

<PARAM NAME="ScrollPixelsX" VALUE=0>

<PARAM NAME="ScrollPixelsY" VALUE=-3>

<PARAM NAME="DrawImmediately" VALUE=0>

<PARAM NAME="Whitespace" VALUE=0>

<PARAM NAME="PageFlippingOn" VALUE=0>

<PARAM NAME="Zoom" VALUE=100>

<PARAM NAME="WidthOfPage" VALUE=400>

</OBJECT>

In this example, the OBJECT element specifies the class identifier of the control (assumed to be already installed and registered) and the alignment, width, height, and other attributes of the control. The series of PARAM elements sets the values for the individual properties of the control, determining how and when the contents are scrolled. The szURL property determines which HTML document is used as content.

A matching end-tag is required for each OBJECT element. Within these elements, you can place one or more PARAM elements. You can also place any elements and text that you would ordinarily use in the body of the HTML document, but these elements and text are not processed and displayed unless the HTML viewer does not process the OBJECT element.

Embed

Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 will support the EMBED element syntax for embedding objects on an HTML page. This support is meant for compatibility with other browsers. The accepted WWW Consortium (W3C) HTML standard recommends using the OBJECT element for embedding objects in HTML, and Internet Explorer 3.0 supports this syntax as well.

Using OBJECT but degrading gracefully to work in other browsers

Internet Explorer 3.0 supports the OBJECT element. Browsers that comply with the accepted W3C HTML standard will understand this HTML syntax. However, the OBJECT syntax degrades gracefully in other browsers as well, because browsers that are compatible with the OBJECT element will ignore additional elements placed within the OBJECT element. The following illustrates how use the OBJECT element but allow content to be viewable by other browsers:

<OBJECT DATA="TheEarth.AVI&quot; WIDTH=100 HEIGHT=250>

     <PARAM NAME=AUTOSTART VALUE=TRUE>

     <PARAM NAME=PLAYBACK VALUE=FALSE>

     <EMBED SRC="TheEarth.AVI" WIDTH=100 HEIGHT=250 AUTOSTART=TRUE  PLAYBACK=FALSE>

</OBJECT>

In browsers that support the OBJECT element, the EMBED element will be ignored. Browsers that do not support OBJECT will ignore the OBJECT element and PARAM attribute.


Client Pull

Client pull provides the ability to automatically load a new document in the specified time or reload a document on a regular basis. Internet Explorer supports client pull using the META element. The META element must be inside the HEAD element of the HTML document. For instance, META HTTP-EQUIV=REFRESH CONTENT=2 reloads a document every two seconds. Setting the HTTP-EQUIV= attribute to REFRESH gives the instruction to reload. CONTENT specifies the time in seconds that the page refreshes. You can specify any URL in the element. If no URL is specified, the current document is reloaded. The META element also has several other functions, such as specifying keywords for Web search engines to use for indexing. Read more about META in the HTML Reference.


Character Sets

The following information is described in this section:

•	ISO Latin-1 Character Set

•	Complete Character Set including Microsoft Internet Explorer additions.

ISO Latin-1 Character Set

Character	Decimal Code	HTML	Description
À	&#192;	&Agrave;	Capital A, grave accent
à	&#224;	&agrave;	Small a, grave accent
Á	&#193;	&Aacute;	Capital A, acute accent
á	&#225;	&aacute;	Small a, acute accent
Â	&#194;	&Acirc;	Capital A, circumflex
â	&#226;	&acirc;	Small a, circumflex
Ã	&#195;	&Atilde;	Capital A, tilde
ã	&#227;	&atilde;	Small a, tilde
Ä	&#196;	&Auml;	Capital A, diæresis / umlaut
ä	&#228;	&auml;	Small a, diæresis / umlaut
Å	&#197;	&Aring;	Capital A, ring
å	&#229;	&aring;	Small a, ring
Æ	&#198;	&AElig;	Capital AE ligature
æ	&#230;	&aelig;	Small ae ligature
Ç	&#199;	&Ccedil;	Capital C, cedilla
ç	&#231;	&ccedil;	Small c, cedilla
È	&#200;	&Egrave;	Capital E, grave accent
è	&#232;	&egrave;	Small e, grave accent
É	&#201;	&Eacute;	Capital E, acute accent
é	&#233;	&eacute;	Small e, acute accent
Ê	&#202;	&Ecirc;	Capital E, circumflex
ê	&#234;	&ecirc;	Small e, circumflex
Ë	&#203;	&Euml;	Capital E, diæresis / umlaut
ë	&#235;	&euml;	Small e, diæresis / umlaut
Ì	&#204;	&Igrave;	Capital I, grave accent
ì	&#236;	&igrave;	Small i, grave accent
Í	&#205;	&Iacute;	Capital I, acute accent
í	&#237;	&iacute;	Small i, acute accent
Î	&#206;	&Icirc;	Capital I, circumflex
î	&#238;	&icirc;	Small i, circumflex
Ï	&#207;	&Iuml;	Capital I, diæresis / umlaut
ï	&#239;	&iuml;	Small i, diæresis / umlaut
Ð	&#208;	&ETH;	Capital Eth, Icelandic
ð	&#240;	&eth;	Small eth, Icelandic
Ñ	&#209;	&Ntilde;	Capital N, tilde
ñ	&#241;	&ntilde;	Small n, tilde
Ò	&#210;	&Ograve;	Capital O, grave accent
ò	&#242;	&ograve;	Small o, grave accent
Ó	&#211;	&Oacute;	Capital O, acute accent
ó	&#243;	&oacute;	Small o, acute accent
Ô	&#212;	&Ocirc;	Capital O, circumflex
ô	&#244;	&ocirc;	Small o, circumflex
Õ	&#213;	&Otilde;	Capital O, tilde
õ	&#245;	&otilde;	Small o, tilde
Ö	&#214;	&Ouml;	Capital O, diæresis / umlaut
ö	&#246;	&ouml;	Small o, diæresis / umlaut
Ø	&#216;	&Oslash;	Capital O, slash
ø	&#248;	&oslash;	Small o, slash
Ù	&#217;	&Ugrave;	Capital U, grave accent
ù	&#249;	&ugrave;	Small u, grave accent
Ú	&#218;	&Uacute;	Capital U, acute accent
ú	&#250;	&uacute;	Small u, acute accent
Û	&#219;	&Ucirc;	Capital U, circumflex
û	&#251;	&ucirc;	Small u, circumflex
Ü	&#220;	&Uuml;	Capital U, diæresis / umlaut
ü	&#252;	&uuml;	Small u, diæresis / umlaut
Ý	&#221;	&Yacute;	Capital Y, acute accent
ý	&#253;	&yacute;	Small y, acute accent
Þ	&#222;	&THORN;	Capital Thorn, Icelandic
þ	&#254;	&thorn;	Small thorn, Icelandic
ß	&#223;	&szlig;	Small sharp s, German sz
ÿ	&#255;	&yuml;	Small y, diæresis / umlaut
Character Set

The following table describes the complete character set for Internet Explorer 3.0 English (U.S.). The first column shows the character as it appears in Internet Explorer 3.0. The second column shows the decimal number as it is written in an HTML document to produce the characters. Occasionally, special characters have mnemonic names. For example, the registered trademark character can be written in HTML as &reg;. The third column lists these HTML characters. The last column gives a description of each character where appropriate.

Character	Decimal Code	HTML	Description
	&#00;		Unused
	&#01;		Unused
	&#02;		Unused
	&#03;		Unused
	&#04;		Unused
	&#05;		Unused
	&#06;		Unused
	&#07;		Unused
	&#08;		Unused
	&#09;		Horizontal tab
	&#10;		Line feed
	&#11;		Unused
	&#12;		Unused
	&#13;		Carriage Return
	&#14;		Unused
	&#15;		Unused
	&#16;		Unused
	&#17;		Unused
	&#18;		Unused
	&#19;		Unused
	&#20;		Unused
	&#21;		Unused
	&#22;		Unused
	&#23;		Unused
	&#24;		Unused
	&#25;		Unused
	&#26;		Unused
	&#27;		Unused
	&#28;		Unused
	&#29;		Unused
	&#30;		Unused
	&#31;		Unused
	&#32;		Space
!	&#33;		Exclamation mark
"	&#34;	&quot;	Quotation mark
#	&#35;		Number sign
$	&#36;		Dollar sign
%	&#37;		Percent sign
&	&#38;	&amp;	Ampersand
'	&#39;		Apostrophe
(	&#40;		Left parenthesis
)	&#41;		Right parenthesis
*	&#42;		Asterisk
+	&#43;		Plus sign
,	&#44;		Comma
-	&#45;		Hyphen
.	&#46;		Period (fullstop)
/	&#47;		Solidus (slash)
0	&#48;		Digit 0
1	&#49;		Digit 1
2	&#50;		Digit 2
3	&#51;		Digit 3
4	&#52;		Digit 4
5	&#53;		Digit 5
6	&#54;		Digit 6
7	&#55;		Digit 7
8	&#56;		Digit 8
9	&#57;		Digit 9
:	&#58;		Colon
;	&#59;		Semicolon
<	&#60;	&lt;	Less than
=	&#61;		Equals sign
>	&#62;	&gt;	Greater than
?	&#63;		Question mark
@	&#64;		Commercial at
A	&#65;		Capital A
B	&#66;		Capital B
C	&#67;		Capital C
D	&#68;		Capital D
E	&#69;		Capital E
F	&#70;		Capital F
G	&#71;		Capital G
H	&#72;		Capital H
I	&#73;		Capital I
J	&#74;		Capital J
K	&#75;		Capital K
L	&#76;		Capital L
M	&#77;		Capital M
N	&#78;		Capital N
O	&#79;		Capital O
P	&#80;		Capital P
Q	&#81;		Capital Q
R	&#82;		Capital R
S	&#83;		Capital S
T	&#84;		Capital T
U	&#85;		Capital U
V	&#86;		Capital V
W	&#87;		Capital W
X	&#88;		Capital X
Y	&#89;		Capital Y
Z	&#90;		Capital Z
[	&#91;		Left square bracket
\	&#92;		Reverse solidus (backslash)
]	&#93;		Right square bracket
^	&#94;		Caret
_	&#95;		Horizontal bar (underscore)
`	&#96;		Acute accent
a	&#97;		Small a
b	&#98;		Small b
c	&#99;		Small c
d	&#100;		Small d
e	&#101;		Small e
f	&#102;		Small f
g	&#103;		Small g
h	&#104;		Small h
i	&#105;		Small i
j	&#106;		Small j
k	&#107;		Small k
l	&#108;		Small l
m	&#109;		Small m
n	&#110;		Small n
o	&#111;		Small o
p	&#112;		Small p
q	&#113;		Small q
r	&#114;		Small r
s	&#115;		Small s
t	&#116;		Small t
u	&#117;		Small u
v	&#118;		Small v
w	&#119;		Small w
x	&#120;		Small x
y	&#121;		Small y
z	&#122;		Small z
{	&#123;		Left curly brace
|	&#124;		Vertical bar
}	&#125;		Right curly brace
~	&#126;		Tilde
	&#127;		Unused
€	&#128;		Unused
	&#160;	&nbsp;	Non-breaking Space
¡	&#161;	&iexcl;	Inverted exclamation
¢	&#162;	&cent;	Cent sign
£	&#163;	&pound;	Pound sterling
¤	&#164;	&curren;	General currency sign
¥	&#165;	&yen;	Yen sign
¦	&#166;	&brvbar; or &brkbar;	Broken vertical bar
§	&#167;	&&sect;	Section sign
¨	&#168;	&&um; or &&die;	Diæresis / Umlaut
©	&#169;	&&copy;	Copyright
ª	&#170;	&&ordf;	Feminine ordinal
«	&#171;	&&laquo;	Left angle quote, guillemot left
¬	&#172;	&&not	Not sign
­	&#173;	&shy;	Soft hyphen
®	&#174;	&reg;	Registered trademark
¯	&#175;	&macr; or &hibar;	Macron accent
°	&#176;	&deg;	Degree sign
±	&#177;	&plusmn;	Plus or minus
²	&#178;	&sup2;	Superscript two
³	&#179;	&sup3;	Superscript three
´	&#180;	&acute;	Acute accent
µ	&#181;	&micro;	Micro sign
¶	&#182;	&para;	Paragraph sign
·	&#183;	&middot;	Middle dot
¸	&#184;	&cedil;	Cedilla
¹	&#185;	&sup1;	Superscript one
º	&#186;	&ordm;	Masculine ordinal
»	&#187;	&raquo;	Right angle quote, guillemot right
¼	&#188;	&frac14;	Fraction one-fourth
½	&#189;	&frac12;	Fraction one-half
¾	&#190;	&frac34;	Fraction three-fourths
¿	&#191;	&iquest;	Inverted question mark
À	&#192;	&Agrave;	Capital A, grave accent
Á	&#193;	&Aacute;	Capital A, acute accent
Â	&#194;	&Acirc;	Capital A, circumflex
Ã	&#195;	&Atilde;	Capital A, tilde
Ä	&#196;	&Auml;	Capital A, diæresis / umlaut
Å	&#197;	&Aring;	Capital A, ring
Æ	&#198;	&AElig;	Capital AE ligature
Ç	&#199;	&Ccedil;	Capital C, cedilla
È	&#200;	&Egrave;	Capital E, grave accent
É	&#201;	&Eacute;	Capital E, acute accent
Ê	&#202;	&Ecirc;	Capital E, circumflex
Ë	&#203;	&Euml;	Capital E, diæresis / umlaut
Ì	&#204;	&Igrave;	Capital I, grave accent
Í	&#205;	&Iacute;	Capital I, acute accent
Î	&#206;	&Icirc;	Capital I, circumflex
Ï	&#207;	&Iuml;	Capital I, diæresis / umlaut
Ð	&#208;	&ETH;	Capital Eth, Icelandic
Ñ	&#209;	&Ntilde;	Capital N, tilde
Ò	&#210;	&Ograve;	Capital O, grave accent
Ó	&#211;	&Oacute;	Capital O, acute accent
Ô	&#212;	&Ocirc;	Capital O, circumflex
Õ	&#213;	&Otilde;	Capital O, tilde
Ö	&#214;	&Ouml;	Capital O, diæresis / umlaut
×	&#215;	&times;	Multiply sign
Ø	&#216;	&Oslash;	Capital O, slash
Ù	&#217;	&Ugrave;	Capital U, grave accent
Ú	&#218;	&Uacute;	Capital U, acute accent
Û	&#219;	&Ucirc;	Capital U, circumflex
Ü	&#220;	&Uuml;	Capital U, diæresis / umlaut
Ý	&#221;	&Yacute;	Capital Y, acute accent
Þ	&#222;	&THORN;	Capital Thorn, Icelandic
ß	&#223;	&szlig;	Small sharp s, German sz
à	&#224;	&agrave;	Small a, grave accent
á	&#225;	&aacute;	Small a, acute accent
â	&#226;	&acirc;	Small a, circumflex
ã	&#227;	&atilde;	Small a, tilde
ä	&#228;	&auml;	Small a, diæresis / umlaut
å	&#229;	&aring;	Small a, ring
æ	&#230;	&aelig;	Small ae ligature
ç	&#231;	&ccedil;	Small c, cedilla
è	&#232;	&egrave;	Small e, grave accent
é	&#233;	&eacute;	Small e, acute accent
ê	&#234;	&ecirc;	Small e, circumflex
ë	&#235;	&euml;	Small e, diæresis / umlaut
ì	&#236;	&igrave;	Small i, grave accent
í	&#237;	&iacute;	Small i, acute accent
î	&#238;	&icirc;	Small i, circumflex
ï	&#239;	&iuml;	Small i, diæresis / umlaut
ð	&#240;	&eth;	Small eth, Icelandic
ñ	&#241;	&ntilde;	Small n, tilde
ò	&#242;	&ograve;	Small o, grave accent
ó	&#243;	&oacute;	Small o, acute accent
ô	&#244;	&ocirc;	Small o, circumflex
õ	&#245;	&otilde;	Small o, tilde
ö	&#246;	&ouml;	Small o, diæresis / umlaut
÷	&#247;	&divide;	Division sign
ø	&#248;	&oslash;	Small o, slash
ù	&#249;	&ugrave;	Small u, grave accent
ú	&#250;	&uacute;	Small u, acute accent
û	&#251;	&ucirc;	Small u, circumflex
ü	&#252;	&uuml;	Small u, diæresis / umlaut
ý	&#253;	&yacute;	Small y, acute accent
þ	&#254;	&thorn;	Small thorn, Icelandic
ÿ	&#255;	&yuml;	Small y, diæresis / umlaut


Source Specification

The following table lists the elements and attributes supported by Internet Explorer 3.0. The table identifies the most current HTML specification that supports the element.

Tag	Attribute	Source Specification
!DOCTYPE		HTML 3.2
A
A	HREF	HTML 2
A	NAME	HTML 2
A	TARGET	Netscape
A	TITLE	HTML 3.2
ADDRESS		HTML 2
APPLET		HTML 3.2
APPLET	ALIGN	HTML 3.2
APPLET	ALT	HTML 3.2
APPLET	CODE	HTML 3.2
APPLET	CODEBASE	HTML 3.2
APPLET	HEIGHT	HTML 3.2
APPLET	HSPACE	HTML 3.2
APPLET	NAME	HTML 3.2
APPLET	PARAM NAME	HTML 3.2
APPLET	VSPACE	HTML 3.2
APPLET	WIDTH	HTML 3.2
AREA
AREA	COORDS	IE 3.0
AREA	HREF	IE 3.0
AREA	NOHREF	IE 3.0
AREA	SHAPE	IE 3.0
AREA	TARGET	Netscape
B		HTML 2.0
BASE
BASE	HREF	HTML 2.0
BASE	TARGET	Netscape
BASEFONT
BASEFONT	COLOR	Netscape 2.0
BASEFONT	FACE	Netscape 2.0
BASEFONT	SIZE	Netscape
BGSOUND
BGSOUND	LOOP	IE 3.0
BGSOUND	SRC	IE 3.0
BIG		HTML 3.2
BLOCKQUOTE		HTML 2.0
BODY		HTML 2.0
BODY	ALINK	HTML 2.0
BODY	BACKGROUND	HTML 3.2
BODY	BGCOLOR	Netscape
BODY	BGPROPERTIES	IE 2.0
BODY	LEFTMARGIN	IE 2.0
BODY	LINK	Netscape
BODY	TEXT	Netscape
BODY	TOPMARGIN	IE 2.0
BODY	VLINK	Netscape
BR
BR	CLEAR	HTML 3.2
CAPTION
CAPTION	ALIGN	HTML 3.2
CENTER		Netscape
CITE		HTML 2.0
CODE		HTML 2.0
COL		HTML 3.2
COL	ALIGN	HTML 3.2
COL	SPAN	HTML 3.2
COLGROUP		HTML 3.2
COLGROUP	ALIGN	HTML 3.2
COLGROUP	VALIGN	HTML 3.2
COMMENT		HTML 2.0
DD		HTML 2.0
DFN		HTML 2.0
DIR		HTML 2.0
DIV		HTML 3.2
DL		HTML 2.0
DT		HTML 2.0
EM		HTML 2.0
EMBED		HTML 2.0
EMBED	SRC	HTML 2.0
EMBED	WIDTH	HTML 2.0
EMBED	HEIGHT	HTML 2.0
EMBED	PALETTE	HTML 2.0
EMBED	NAME	HTML 2.0
EMBED	OPTIONAL PARAM	HTML 2.0
FONT
FONT	COLOR	IE 3.0
FONT	FACE	IE 3.0
FONT	SIZE	Netscape
FORM
FORM	ACTION	HTML 2.0
FORM	METHOD	HTML 2.0
FORM	TARGET	Netscape
FRAME
FRAME	FRAMEBORDER	IE 3.0
FRAME	MARGINHEIGHT	Netscape
FRAME	MARGINWIDTH	Netscape
FRAME	NAME	Netscape
FRAME	NORESIZE	Netscape
FRAME	SCROLLING	Netscape
FRAME	SRC	Netscape
FRAMESET
FRAMESET	COLS	Netscape
FRAMESET	FRAMEBORDER	IE 3.0
FRAMESET	FRAMESPACING	IE 3.0
FRAMESET	ROWS	Netscape
Hn		HTML 2
Hn	ALIGN	HTML 3.2
HR		HTML 2
HR	ALIGN	HTML 3.2
HR	COLOR	IE 3.0
HR	NOSHADE	Netscape
HR	SIZE	Netscape
HR	WIDTH	Netscape
HTML		HTML 2.0
I		HTML 2.0
IFRAME
IFRAME	FRAMEBORDER	IE 3.0
IFRAME	MARGINHEIGHT	Netscape
IFRAME	MARGINWIDTH	Netscape
IFRAME	NAME	Netscape
IFRAME	NORESIZE	Netscape
IFRAME	SCROLLING	Netscape
IFRAME	SRC	Netscape
IMG
IMG	ALIGN	HTML 3.2
IMG	ALT	HTML 2
IMG	BORDER	HTML 3.2
IMG	CONTROLS	IE 3.0
IMG	DYNSRC	IE 3.0
IMG	HEIGHT	HTML 3.2
IMG	HSPACE	HTML 3.2
IMG	ISMAP	HTML 3.2
IMG	LOOP	IE 3.0
IMG	SRC	HTML 2
IMG	START	IE 3.0
IMG	USEMAP	IE 3.0
IMG	VSPACE	HTML 3.2
IMG	WIDTH	HTML 3.2
INPUT
INPUT	ALIGN	HTML 2.0
INPUT	CHECKED	HTML 2.0
INPUT	MAXLENGTH	HTML 2.0
INPUT	NAME	HTML 2.0
INPUT	SIZE	HTML 2.0
INPUT	SRC	HTML 2.0
INPUT	TYPE	HTML 2.0
INPUT	TYPE=CHECKBOX	HTML 2.0
INPUT	TYPE=HIDDEN	HTML 2.0
INPUT	TYPE=IMAGE	HTML 2.0
INPUT	TYPE=PASSWORD	HTML 2.0
INPUT	TYPE=RADIO	HTML 2.0
INPUT	TYPE=RESET	HTML 2.0
INPUT	TYPE=SUBMIT	HTML 2.0
INPUT	TYPE=TEXT	HTML 2.0
INPUT	TYPE=TEXTAREA	HTML 2.0
INPUT	VALUE	HTML 2.0
ISINDEX		HTML 2.0
ISINDEX	ACTION	Netscape
ISINDEX	PROMPT	HTML 3.2
KBD		HTML 2.0
LI		HTML 2.0
LI	TYPE	Netscape
LI	VALUE	Netscape
LINK		IE 3.0
LISTING		HTML 2.0
MAP
MAP	NAME	IE 3.0
MARQUEE		IE 3.0
MARQUEE	ALIGN	IE 3.0
MARQUEE	BEHAVIOR	IE 3.0
MARQUEE	BGCOLOR	IE 3.0
MARQUEE	DIRECTION	IE 3.0
MARQUEE	HEIGHT	IE 3.0
MARQUEE	HSPACE	IE 3.0
MARQUEE	LOOP	IE 3.0
MARQUEE	SCROLLAMOUNT	IE 3.0
MARQUEE	SCROLLDELAY	IE 3.0
MARQUEE	VSPACE	IE 3.0
MARQUEE	WIDTH	IE 3.0
MENU		HTML 2
META
META	CONTENT	Netscape
META	HTTP-EQUIV	Netscape
META	NAME	HTML 3.2
NOBR		Netscape
NOFRAMES		Netscape
OBJECT		IE 3.0
OBJECT	ALIGN	IE 3.0
OBJECT	BORDER	IE 3.0
OBJECT	CLASSID	IE 3.0
OBJECT	CODEBASE	IE 3.0
OBJECT	CODETYPE	IE 3.0
OBJECT	DATA	IE 3.0
OBJECT	DECLARE	IE 3.0
OBJECT	HEIGHT	IE 3.0
OBJECT	HSPACE	IE 3.0
OBJECT	NAME	IE 3.0
OBJECT	SHAPES	IE 3.0
OBJECT	STANDBY	IE 3.0
OBJECT	TYPE	IE 3.0
OBJECT	USEMAP	IE 3.0
OBJECT	VSPACE	IE 3.0
OBJECT	WIDTH	IE 3.0
OL		HTML 2
OL	START	Netscape
OL	TYPE	Netscape
OPTION		HTML 2
OPTION	SELECTED	HTML 2
OPTION	VALUE	HTML 2
P		HTML 2
P	ALIGN	HTML 3.2
PLAINTEXT		HTML 2
PRE		HTML 2
S		HTML 2
SAMP		HTML 2
SCRIPT		HTML 3.2
SCRIPT	LANGUAGE	HTML 3.2
SELECT		HTML 2
SELECT	MULTIPLE	HTML 2
SELECT	NAME	HTML 2
SELECT	SIZE	HTML 2
SMALL		HTML 3.2
SPAN		HTML 3.2
STRIKE		HTML 2
STRONG		HTML 2
STYLE		IE 3.0
SUB		HTML 3.2
SUP		HTML 3.2
TABLE
TABLE	ALIGN	HTML 3.2
TABLE	BACKGROUND	IE 3.0
TABLE	BGCOLOR	IE 3.0
TABLE	BORDERCOLOR	IE 3.0
TABLE	BORDERCOLORDARK	IE 3.0
TABLE	BORDERCOLORLIGHT	IE 3.0
TABLE	FRAME	HTML 3.2
TABLE	RULES	HTML 3.2
TBODY		HTML 3.2
TD
TD	ALIGN	HTML 3.2
TD	BGCOLOR	IE 3.0
TD	BORDERCOLOR	IE 3.0
TD	BORDERCOLORDARK	IE 3.0
TD	BORDERCOLORLIGHT	IE 3.0
TD	VALIGN	IE 3.0
TFOOT		HTML 3.2
TH
TH	ALIGN	HTML 3
TH	BGCOLOR	IE 3.0
TH	BORDERCOLOR	IE 3.0
TH	BORDERCOLORDARK	IE 3.0
TH	BORDERCOLORLIGHT	IE 3.0
TH	VALIGN	IE 3.0
THEAD		HTML 3
TITLE		HTML 2
TR
TR	ALIGN	HTML 3
TR	BGCOLOR	IE 3.0
TR	BORDERCOLOR	IE 3.0
TR	BORDERCOLORDARK	IE 3.0
TR	BORDERCOLORLIGHT	IE 3.0
TR	VALIGN	IE 3.0
TT		HTML 2
U		HTML 2
UL		HTML 2
VAR		HTML 2
WBR		Netscape
XMP		HTML 2


HTML Reference

Tag 	Description

!... 	Comments. Any text between tags will not display in the browser.

!DOCTYPE 	Describes the HTML version used in the current document.

A 	Stands for anchor. HREF= attribute creates hyperlinks. NAME= attribute creates a named reference.

ADDRESS 	Specifies a mailing address.

APPLET 	Embeds a Java applet. See OBJECT.

AREA 	Specifies the shape of a "hot spot" in a client-side image map.

B 	Changes text to bold. See STRONG.

BASE 	Specifies a document's URL.

BASEFONT 	Sets the base font value.

BGSOUND 	Adds background sounds that play on initial load.

BIG 	Enlarges the font size.

BLOCKQUOTE 	Sets apart a quotation in text.

BODY 	Specifies the beginning and the end of the document body. See HEAD.

BR 	Inserts a line break.

CAPTION 	Specifies a caption for a table. Valid only within the TABLE element.

CENTER 	Centers text and images.

CITE 	Indicates a citation. Used to present a book, paper, or other published source material.

CODE 	Presents a code sample.

COL 	Sets the properties of a column.

COLGROUP 	Sets the properties of one or more columns as a group.

COMMENT 	Indicates a comment. Text in a comment element does not display in a browser.

DD 	Specifies definition data. Used to format the text for a definition. See DL, DT.

DFN 	Specifies a definition. Formats a defined term.

DIR 	Denotes a directory list.

DIV 	Sets a document division. Groups related elements together within a document.

DL 	Denotes a definition list. Used for a list of defined terms. See DT, DD.

DT 	Specifies a definition term. Used to format the defined term. See DL, DD.

EM 	Emphasizes text, usually by rendering text in italics.

EMBED 	Indicates an embedded object. See OBJECT.

FONT 	Formats the font style, size, and color.

FORM 	Denotes a form with which users enter data. See INPUT for a list of form elements.

FRAME 	Defines independent windows, or frames, within a page. See FRAMESET.

FRAMESET 	Defines layout for frames within a page. See FRAME.

Hn 	Renders text in heading style, usually with a larger font than the body text. The n is a value from 1 to 6.

HEAD 	Marks the HTML document heading.

HR 	Draws a horizontal rule. Used to separate sections.

HTML 	Denotes the file is an HTML document.

I 	Renders text in italics.

IMG 	Inserts a graphic file.

INPUT 	Specifies a form control such as a check box or radio button. See FORM.

ISINDEX 	Indicates the presence of an index.

KBD 	Indicates text to be entered at a keyboard. Appears in fixed-width and bold type.

LI 	Denotes an item in a list. Adds special character or number depending on use. See UL, OL.

LINK 	Establishes the relationship between documents. Appears only in the HEAD element.

LISTING 	Renders text in fixed-width type.

MAP 	Specifies a collection of hot spots for a client-side image map.

MARQUEE 	Displays text in a scrolling marquee.

MENU 	Denotes a list of items.

META 	Provides information about the document. Used for client pull, also by some search engines for indexing.

NOBR 	Turns off line breaking.

NOFRAMES 	Indicates content viewable only by browsers that do not support frames.

OBJECT 	Inserts an OLE Control.

OL 	Specifies an ordered list. Each item has a number or letter reference. See UL, LI.

OPTION 	Denotes one choice in a list box.

P 	Inserts a paragraph break and denotes a new paragraph.

PARAM 	Sets object properties.

PLAINTEXT 	Renders text in fixed-width type without processing elements.

PRE 	Displays text exactly as typed—with all line breaks and spacing.

S 	Renders text in strikethrough type.

SAMP 	Specifies sample text. See CODE.

SCRIPT 	Specifies the inclusion of a script.

SELECT 	Denotes a list box or dropdown list.

SMALL 	Decreases the font size.

SPAN 	Applies style information to the enclosed text.

STRIKE 	Renders text in strikethrough type. See S.

STRONG 	Emphasizes text, usually with bold. See B.

SUB 	Renders text in subscript.

SUP 	Renders text in superscript.

TABLE 	Creates a table. See TH, TR, and TD to learn how to define rows and columns.

TBODY 	Defines the table body.

TD 	Creates a cell in a table.

TFOOT 	Defines the table footer.

TH 	Creates a row or column heading in a table.

THEAD 	Defines the table header.

TEXTAREA 	Creates a box in which a user can enter and edit text.

TITLE 	Specifies a document title. Appears in the browser title bar.

TR 	Creates a row in a table.

TT 	Denotes teletype. Displays text in fixed-width type.

U 	Renders text underlined.

UL 	Formats lines of text as a bulleted list. See LI.

VAR 	Indicates placeholder text for a variable. Displays text in a small, fixed-width font.

WBR 	Inserts a soft line break in a block of NOBR text.

XMP 	Indicates example text. Displays text in fixed-width font.


!

Specifies that enclosed text is an author's comment. Any text between the lines will not print. You can include multiple lines of text between the start-tag and end-tag.

<!  ...  >

Example

<!  This line of text, enclosed in an HTML page, will not display.

  This second line of text will not display either.>


!DOCTYPE

Specifies the version of HTML used in the document. !DOCTYPE is the first element in any HTML document. !DOCTYPE is a required element for any HTML 3.2-compliant document.

<!DOCTYPE>

Example

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">


A

Stands for anchor. The A and /A tags enclose text or graphics. The properties of elements that can follow A are applied to the bracketed text or graphic. A is used to attach a hyperlink to text or graphics using the HREF=. attributeA is used to specify text or graphics as a named reference using the NAME= attribute. Anchors cannot be nested.

<A
   HREF=reference
   NAME=name
   TARGET=window
   TITLE=title
   >

Parameters

HREF=reference

Specifies either a destination address or a destination file. A destination address must be in URL format. A destination file must name a file and be in the format of the given file system. If no path or domain name is specified, the file is searched for in the same location as the current document.

NAME=name

Specifies a named reference within an HTML document. The name can be referenced by its document and external documents in a hyperlink by prefacing it with the pound sign (#).

TARGET=window

Specifies to load the link into the targeted window. This attribute can be used with a frameset where a frame has been named in the FRAME element. The window can be one of these values:

window 	Specifies to load the link into the targeted window. The window must begin with an alphanumeric character to be valid, except for the following four target windows:

_blank 	Load the link into a new blank window. This window is not named.

_parent 	Load the link into the immediate parent of the document the link is in.

_self 	Load the link into the same window the link was clicked in.

_top 	Load the link into the full body of the window.

TITLE=title

Specifies the title that appears when the hyperlink is selected.

Example

<A HREF="http://www.microsoft.com"> This is a link to Microsoft.</A>

<A HREF="home.htm">This is a link to a file called home.htm in the same directory as this page.</A>

<A TARGET="viewer" HREF="sample.htm">Click here to load the link into "viewer" window.</A>


ADDRESS

Specifies the mailing address. This element typically is used at the bottom of a document. Text is displayed in italics.

<ADDRESS>

Example

<ADDRESS>This text will be in italics.</ADDRESS>


APPLET

Embeds a Java applet in an HTML document. Requires the end-tag.

<APPLET
   ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT
   ALT=alternateText
   CODE=appletFile
   CODEBASE=codebaseURL
   HEIGHT=pixels
   HSPACE=pixels >
NAME=appletInstanceName
   [PARAM NAME = AttributeName]
VSPACE=pixels
   WIDTH=pixels>

Parameters

ALIGN=alignment

Alignment of an object to text.

ALT=alternateText

Alternate text for text-only browsers or browsers that do not support Java.

CODE=appletFile

The name of the Java applet.

CODEBASE=codebaseURL

The base URL of the applet. The directory in which the applet is located.

HEIGHT=pixels

Initial height of the applet display area.

HSPACE=pixels

Horizontal space.

NAME=appletInstanceName

Use NAME= to identify an applet to other applets within the HTML page.

PARAM NAME=AttributeName

Use NAME= to pass applet-specific arguments in from an HTML page.

VSPACE=pixels

Space in pixels above the applet.

WIDTH=pixels

Initial width of the applet display area.


AREA

Specifies the shape of a "hot spot" in a client-side image map.

<AREA
   COORDS=coords
   HREF=url
   NOHREF
   SHAPE=shape-type
   TARGET=window >

Parameters

COORDS=coords

Specifies coordinates that define the hot spot's shape.

HREF=url

Specifies the destination of the hot spot.

NOHREF

Indicates that clicks in this region should cause no action.

SHAPE=shape-type

Denotes the type of shape. The shape-type can be one of these values:

RECT 	Rectangle. Takes four coordinates: x1, y1, x2, and y2.

RECTANGLE 	Rectangle. Takes four coordinates: x1, y1, x2, and y2.

CIRC 	Circle. Takes three coordinates: centerx, centery, and radius.

CIRCLE 	Circle. Takes three coordinates: centerx, centery, and radius.

POLY 	Polygon. Takes three or more pairs of coordinates denoting a polygonal region.

POLYGON 	Polygon. Takes three or more pairs of coordinates denoting a polygonal region.

TARGET=window

Specifies to load the link into the targeted window. The window can be one of these values:

window 	Specifies to load the link into the targeted window. The window must begin with an alphanumeric character to be valid, except for the following four target windows:

_blank 	Load the link into a new blank window. This window is not named.

_parent 	Load the link into the immediate parent of the document the link is in.

_self 	Load the link into the same window the link was clicked in.

_top 	Load the link into the full body of the window.

Examples

<AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="50, 25, 150, 125" HREF="http://www.sample.com">

<AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="50, 25, 150, 125" NOHREF>

<AREA TARGET="viewer" HREF="sample.htm" SHAPE="CIRCLE" COORDS="50, 25, 150, 125">


B

Renders text in bold.

<B>

Example

<B>Displayed in a bold typeface.</B>


BASE

Specifies the document's URL.

<BASE
   HREF=url
   TARGET=window>

Parameters

HREF=url

Specifies the document's full URL in case the document gets read out of context and the reader wants to refer to the original.

TARGET=window

Specifies to load all of the links on the page into the targeted window. This can be overridden by specifying a different target attribute for a specific link. The window can be one of these values:

window 	Specifies to load the link into the targeted window. The window must begin with an alphanumeric character to be valid, except for the following four target windows:

_blank 	Load the link into a new blank window. This window is not named.

_parent 	Load the link into the immediate parent of the document the link is in.

_self 	Load the link into the same window the link was clicked in.

_top 	Load the link into the full body of the window.

Examples

<BASE HREF="http:// www.sample.com/hello.htm">

<BASE HREF="http:// www.sample.com/hello.htm" TARGET="viewer">


BASEFONT

Sets the base font value. This value will be used as a default for any text not formatted with a style sheet or using the FONT element.

<BASEFONT
   COLOR=color
   NAME=name
   SIZE=n>

Parameters

COLOR=color

Specifies the color of the base font.

NAME=name

Specifies the name of the base font.

SIZE=n

Specifies the size of the base font. The n can be between 1 and 7 inclusive; default is 3; 7 is largest. Throughout the document, relative font size settings (for example, <FONT SIZE=+3>) are set according to this.

Example

<BASEFONT SIZE=3> This sets the base font size to 3.

<FONT SIZE=+4> Now the font size is 7.

<FONT SIZE=-1> Now the font size is 2.


BGSOUND

Adds background sounds or "soundtracks" to a page. Sounds can either be samples (.wav or .au format) or MIDI format.

<BGSOUND
   SRC=url
   LOOP=n >

Parameters

SRC=url

Specifies the address of a sound to be displayed.

LOOP=n

Specifies how many times a sound will loop when activated. If n=-1, or if LOOP=INFINITE is specified, it will loop indefinitely.


BIG

Makes text one size larger.

<BIG>

Example

<BIG>This text is larger.</BIG>


BLOCKQUOTE

Indents both left and right margins. Used to set apart quotations in text.

<BLOCKQUOTE>

Example

<P>He said,

<BLOCKQUOTE>"Hi there!" </BLOCKQUOTE>


BODY

Specifies the beginning and end of the document body. This element also allows you to set the background image, the background color, the link colors, and the top and left margins of the page.

<BODY
   BACKGROUND=url
   BGCOLOR=color
   BGPROPERTIES=FIXED
   LINK=color
   TEXT=color
   TOPMARGIN=n
   VLINK=color>

Parameters

BACKGROUND=url

Specifies a background picture. The picture is tiled behind the text and graphics on the page.

BGCOLOR=color

Sets the background color of the page. The color can be either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

BGPROPERTIES=FIXED

Specifies a watermark, which is a background picture that does not scroll.

LEFTMARGIN=n

Specifies the left margin for the entire body of the page and overrides the default margin. If set to zero, the left margin will be exactly on the left edge.

LINK=color

Sets the color of hyperlinks that have not yet been visited. The color can be either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

TEXT=color

Sets the color of text on the page. The color can be either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

TOPMARGIN=n

Specifies the margin for the top of the page and overrides the default margin. If set to zero, the top margin will be on the precise top edge.

VLINK=color or colorname

Sets the color of hyperlinks that have already been visited. The color can be either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

Examples

The HTML used to insert the background image of this page is:

<BODY BACKGROUND="/ie/images/watermrk.gif" BGPROPERTIES=FIXED BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF TEXT=#000000 LINK=#ff6600 VLINK=#330099>

<HTML> <BODY>Here's a Web page!</BODY></HTML>


BR

Inserts a line break.

<BR
   CLEAR=LEFT|RIGHT|ALL>

Parameters

CLEAR=LEFT|RIGHT|ALL

Inserts vertical space so that the next text displayed will be past left- or right-aligned "floating" images. The align-type can be LEFT, RIGHT, or ALL.

•	LEFT inserts space so that the next text appears aligned with the left margin directly below a left-aligned floating image.

•	RIGHT inserts space so that the next text appears aligned with the right margin directly below a right-aligned floating image.

•	ALL places the next text past all floating images.


CAPTION

Specifies a caption for a table. This element is valid only within the TABLE element. The end-tag is required.

<CAPTION
   ALIGN=TOP|BOTTOM>

Parameters

ALIGN=TOP|BOTTOM

Sets the alignment of the caption within the table. The align-type can be LEFT, RIGHT, TOP, or BOTTOM. By default, the caption is centered and at the bottom of the table.

Example

<TABLE>

<CAPTION ALIGN=BOTTOM>

This caption will appear centered below the table.

</CAPTION>

<TR>

     ....

</TR>

</TABLE>


CENTER

Centers text and images.

<CENTER>

Example

<CENTER>Hi there!</CENTER>


CITE

Indicates a citation. Refers to a book, paper, or other published source material.

<CITE>

Example

<CITE>Book Title.</CITE>


CODE

Specifies a code sample. Renders text in a small font. (If no font face is specified, the font used is fixed-width.)

<CODE>

Example

<CODE>Here is some text in a small, fixed-width font.</CODE>


COL

Sets the properties of one or more columns. Use this element in conjunction with a COLGROUP element to set the properties of a column within a group of columns.

<COL
   ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT
   SPAN=n>

Parameters

ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT

Specifies the text alignment in cells within the column. The align-type can be LEFT, CENTER, or RIGHT.

SPAN=n

Sets the number of consecutive columns for which the properties are set.

Remarks

This element is valid only within a table. The end-tag is not required and is not recommended.

The properties specified by the COL element always override the properties specified by the preceding COLGROUP element.

Example

<TABLE>

<COLGROUP>

    <COL ALIGN=RIGHT>

    <COL ALIGN=LEFT>

<COLGROUP>

    <COL ALIGN=CENTER>

<TBODY>

    <TR>

    <TD>This is the first column in the group and is right-aligned.</TD>

    <TD>This is the second column in the group and is left-aligned.</TD>

    <TD>This column is in a new group and is centered.</TD>

    </TR>

</TABLE>


COLGROUP

Sets the properties of one or more columns.

<COLGROUP
   ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT
   SPAN=n>

Parameters

ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT

Specifies the alignment of text in the cells in the column(s). The align-type can be LEFT, CENTER, or RIGHT.

SPAN=n

Sets the number of consecutive columns that are in the group and for which the properties are set.

Remarks

This element is valid only within a table. The end-tag is not required and is not recommended.

If the columns in a group of columns require varying properties, use COLGROUP in conjunction with one or more COL elements to individually set the properties for the columns.

This element affects how rules are drawn within a table when groups are specified with the RULES= attribute in the TABLE element. In this case, vertical rules are drawn between column groups rather than between individual columns.

Example

<TABLE>

<COLGROUP ALIGN=RIGHT>

<COLGROUP SPAN=2 ALIGN=LEFT>

<TBODY>

    <TR>

    <TD>This column is in the first group and is right-aligned.</TD>

    <TD>This column is in the second group and is left-aligned.</TD>

    <TD>This column is in the second group and is left-aligned.</TD>

    </TR>

</TABLE>


COMMENT

Indicates a comment. The text between the elements is ignored, unless it contains HTML code.

<COMMENT>

Example

<COMMENT>This won't be printed.</COMMENT>


DD

Specifies a definition in a definition list. Indicates that the text is a definition of a term, and should therefore be displayed in the right-hand column of a definition list.

<DD>

Example

<DL> <DT>Cat<DD>A furry, cute animal that purrs and likes milk.

<DT>Lizard<DD>A weird desert animal with a long tongue.</DL>


DFN

Specifies a definition. Formats a term for its first appearance in a document.

<DFN>

Example

<DFN>HTML stands for hypertext markup language.</DFN>


DIR

Denotes a directory list. Specifies that the following block consists of individual items, each beginning with an LI element and none containing more than 20 characters, that should be displayed in columns.

<DIR>

Example

<DIR> <LI>Art

<LI>History

<LI>Literature

<LI>Sports

<LI>Entertainment

<LI>Science

</DIR>


DIV

Represents different kinds of containers, for example, chapter, section, abstract, or appendix, when used with the CLASS attribute. DIV allows the enclosed group of elements to be given a distinctive style.

<DIV
   ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT|JUSTIFY
   CLASS=container type
   /DIV>

Parameters

ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT|JUSTIFY

Specifies the default horizontal alignment for the contents of the DIV element, when DIV is used with an ALIGN attribute. This is needed for compatibility with deployed browsers and may be overridden by style sheets.

CLASS=container type

Represents different kinds of containers, for example, chapter, section, abstract, or appendix. DIV allows the enclosed group of elements to be given a distinctive style.

Example

<DIV>

This text represents a section.

</DIV>

<DIV ALIGN=CENTER>

This text represents another section.

</DIV>


DL

Specifies that the following block is a definition list, that is, an automatically formatted two-column list with terms on the left and their definitions on the right.

<DL>

Example

<DL>

<DT>Cat

<DD>A furry, cute animal that purrs and likes milk.

<DT>Lizard

<DD>A weird desert animal with a long tongue.

</DL>


DT

Specifies a term in a definition list. Indicates that the text is a term to be defined, and should therefore be displayed in the left-hand column of a definition list.

<DT>

Example

<DL> <DT>Cat<DD>A furry, cute animal that purrs and likes milk.

<DT>Lizard<DD>A weird desert animal with a long tongue.</DL>


EM

Emphasizes text, usually by rendering it in italics.

<EM>

Example

<EM>This text will be in italics.</EM>


EMBED

Indicates an embedded object. OBJECT is the preferred element for inserting objects, but EMBED is included for backward compatibility with earlier HTML documents. See OBJECT.

<EMBED
   HEIGHT=height of object
   NAME=programmatic name
   OPTIONAL PARAM=&quot;value&quot; ... OPTIONAL PARAM=
   PALETTE=foreground|background
   SRC=location of object
   WIDTH=width of object>

Parameters

HEIGHT=size of object

The height, in pixels, of the object on the page.

NAME=programmatic name

The name used by other objects or elements to refer to this object.

OPTIONAL PARAM=value

Specifies any parameters that are specific to the object.

PALETTE=foreground|background;

Sets the color palette to the foreground or background color.

SRC=data to object

The name of any source data input to the object.

WIDTH=size of object

The width of the object, in pixels, on the page.

Example

<EMBED SRC=&quot;MyMovie.AVI&quot; WIDTH=100 HEIGHT=250 AUTOSTART=TRUE PLAYBACK=FALSE&gt;</code></font></font></pre>


FONT

Sets the size, font, and color of text.

<FONT
   SIZE=n
   FACE=name
   COLOR=color>

Parameters

SIZE=n

Specifies font size between 1 and 7 (7 is largest). A plus or minus before the number indicates a size relative to the current BASEFONT setting. Relative font sizes are not cumulative, so putting two <FONT SIZE="+1"> elements in a row does not result in the font size being increased by 2.

FACE="name [,name2[,name3]]"

Sets the font. A list of font names can be specified. If the first font is available on the system, it will be used; otherwise, the second will be tried, and so on. If none are available, a default font will be used.

COLOR=color

Sets font color. The color can be either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.


FORM

Denotes a form.

<FORM
   ACTION=url
   METHOD=get-post
   TARGET=window>

Parameters

ACTION=url

Specifies the address to be used to carry out the action of the form. If none is specified, the base URL of the document is used.

METHOD=get-post

Indicates how the form data should be sent to the server. The get-post can be one of these values:

GET 	Appends the arguments to the action URL and opens it as if it were an anchor.

POST 	Sends the data via an HTTP post transaction.

TARGET=window

Specifies to load the results of the form submission into the targeted window. The window can be one of these values:

window 	Specifies to load the link into the targeted window. The window must begin with an alphanumeric character to be valid, except for the following four target windows:

_blank 	Load the link into a new blank window. This window is not named.

_parent 	Load the link into the immediate parent of the document the link is in.

_self 	Load the link into the same window the link was clicked in.

_top 	Load the link into the full body of the window.

Example

<FORM TARGET="viewer" ACTION="http://www.sample.com/bin/search">

    ...

</FORM>


FRAME

Defines a single frame in a frameset. There is no matching end-tag as this is not a container.

<FRAME
   ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT|TOP|BOTTOM
   FRAMEBORDER=1|0
   MARGINHEIGHT=height
   MARGINWIDTH=width
   NAME=name
   SCROLLING=yes|no
   SRC=address

Parameters

ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT

Sets the alignment of the frame or of the surrounding text. The align-type can be one of these values:

TOP 	Surrounding text is aligned with the top of the frame.

MIDDLE 	Surrounding text is aligned with the middle of the frame.

BOTTOM 	Surrounding text is aligned with the bottom of the frame.

LEFT 	The frame is drawn as a left-flush "floating frame," and text flows around it.

RIGHT 	The frame is drawn as a right-flush "floating frame," and text flows around it.

FRAMEBORDER=1|0

Renders a 3-D edge border around the frame. 1 (default) inserts a border. 0 displays no border.

MARGINHEIGHT=height

Controls the margin height for the frame, in pixels.

MARGINWIDTH=width

Controls the margin width for the frame, in pixels.

NAME=name

Provides a target name for the frame.

NORESIZE

Prevents the user from resizing the frame.

SCROLLING=yes|no

Creates a scrolling frame.

SRC=address

Displays the source file for the frame.

Example

<FRAME FRAMEBORDER=0 SCROLLING=NO SRC="sample.htm">


FRAMESET

Hosts the FRAME, FRAMESET, and NOFRAMES elements.

<FRAMESET
   COLS=col-widths
   FRAMEBORDER=1|0
   FRAMESPACING=spacing
   ROWS=row-heights

Parameters

COLS=col-widths

Creates a frame document with columns. You can specify the column dimensions by percentage (%), pixels, or a relative size (*).

FRAMEBORDER=1|0

Provides the option to display or not display a 3-D border for a frame. 1 (default) sets a frame border. 0 displays no border.

FRAMESPACING=spacing

Creates additional space between frames, in pixels.

ROWS=row-heights

Creates a frame document with rows. You can specify the row dimensions by percentage (%), pixels, or a relative size (*).

Remarks

The FRAMEBORDER= and FRAMESPACING= attributes are inherited from any containing FRAMESET element, which means you need only set the attribute on the single, outermost FRAMESET tag to affect all FRAME tags on that page.

Example

<FRAMESET SCROLLING=YES COLS="25%, 50%, *">

    <FRAME SRC="contents.htm">

    <FRAME SRC="info.htm">

    <FRAME SCROLLING=NO SRC="graphic.htm">

</FRAMESET>


Hn

Renders text in heading style. Use H1 through H6 to specify different sizes and styles of heading.

<Hn
   ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT>

Parameters

n

Sets the section level. This is an integer from 1 to 6.

ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT

Sets the alignment of header text. Align-type can be LEFT, CENTER, or RIGHT. LEFT is default.

Remarks

The end-tag is required.

Example

<H1>Welcome to Internet Explorer!</H1>


HEAD

Marks the HTML document heading.

<HEAD>

Remarks

The end-tag is not required.

Example

<HEAD>

<TITLE>A Simple Document</TITLE>

</HEAD>


HR

Draws a horizontal rule.

<HR
   ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT
   COLOR=color
   NOSHADE
   SIZE=n
   WIDTH=n>

Parameters

ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT

Draws the rule left-aligned, right-aligned, or centered. The align-type can be LEFT, RIGHT, or CENTER.

COLOR=color

Sets the color of the rule. The color can be either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

NOSHADE

Draws the rule without 3-D shading.

SIZE=n

Sets the height of the rule, in pixels.

WIDTH=n

Sets the width of the rule, either in pixels or as a percentage of window width. To specify a percentage, the n must end with the percent (%) sign.

Example

<HR SIZE=5,WIDTH=80% NOSHADE>


HTML

Denotes the file as an HTML document.

This element has no attributes.

<HTML>

Example

<HTML>

<BODY>

<P>This is an HTML document.

</BODY>

</HTML>


I

Renders text in italics.

<I>

Example

<I>This text will be in italics.</I>


IFRAME

Defines a floating frame. This element requires the end-tag.

<IFRAME
   ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT
   FRAMEBORDER=1|0
   HEIGHT=height
   MARGINHEIGHT=height
   MARGINWIDTH=width
   NAME=name
   SCROLLING=yes|no
   SRC=address
   WIDTH=width
   /IFRAME>

Parameters

ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT

Sets the alignment of the frame or of the surrounding text. The align-type can be one of these values:

TOP 	Surrounding text is aligned with the top of the frame.

MIDDLE 	Surrounding text is aligned with the middle of the frame.

BOTTOM 	Surrounding text is aligned with the bottom of the frame.

LEFT 	The frame is drawn as a left-flush "floating frame," and text flows around it.

RIGHT 	The frame is drawn as a right-flush "floating frame," and text flows around it.

FRAMEBORDER=1|0

Renders a 3-D edge border around the frame. 1 (default) inserts a border. 0 displays no border.

HEIGHT

Controls the height (in pixels) of the floating frame.

MARGINHEIGHT=height

Controls the margin height for the frame, in pixels.

MARGINWIDTH=width

Controls the margin width for the frame, in pixels.

NAME=name

Provides a target name for the frame.

NORESIZE

Prevents the user from resizing the frame.

SCROLLING=yes|no

Creates a scrolling frame.

SRC=address

Displays the source file for the frame.

WIDTH=width

Controls the width (in pixels) of the floating frame.

Example

<IFRAME FRAMEBORDER=0 SCROLLING=NO SRC="sample.htm"></IFRAME>


IMG

Inserts an image.

<IMG
   ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT
   ALT=text
   BORDER=n
   CONTROLS
   DYNSRC=url
   HEIGHT=n
   HSPACE=n
   ISMAP
   LOOP=n
   SRC=address
   START=start-event
   USEMAP=map-name
   VSPACE=n
   WIDTH=n>

Parameters

ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT

Sets the alignment of the image or of the surrounding text. The align-type can be one of these values:

TOP 	Surrounding text is aligned with the top of the image.

MIDDLE 	Surrounding text is aligned with the middle of the image.

BOTTOM 	Surrounding text is aligned with the bottom of the image.

LEFT 	The picture is drawn as a left-flush "floating image," and text flows around it.

RIGHT 	The picture is drawn as a right-flush "floating image," and text flows around it.

ALT=text

Specifies text that will be displayed in place of the picture if Show Pictures is turned off.

BORDER=n

Specifies the size of a border to be drawn around the image. If the image is a hyperlink, the border is drawn in the appropriate hyperlink color. If the image is not a hyperlink, the border is invisible.

CONTROLS

If a video clip is present, displays a set of controls under the clip.

DYNSRC=url

Specifies the address of a video clip or VRML world to be displayed in the window. Stands for Dynamic Source.

HEIGHT=n

Along with WIDTH=, specifies the size at which the picture is drawn. If the picture's actual dimensions differ from those specified, the picture is stretched to match what's specified. Internet Explorer also uses this to draw a placeholder of appropriate size for the picture before it is loaded.

HSPACE=n

Along with VSPACE=, specifies margins for the image. Similar to BORDER=, except the margins are not painted with color when the image is a hyperlink.

ISMAP

Identifies the picture as a server-side image map. Clicking the picture transmits the coordinates of the click back to the server, triggering a jump to another page.

LOOP=n

Specifies how many times a video clip will loop when activated. If n=-1, or if LOOP=INFINITE is specified, it will loop indefinitely.

SRC=address

Specifies the address of the picture to insert.

START=start-event

Specifies when the file specified by the DYNSRC= attribute should start playing. The start-event can be one of these values:

FILEOPEN 	Start playing as soon as the file is done opening. This is the default.

MOUSEOVER 	Start playing when the user moves the mouse pointer over the animation.

Both values can be set but must be separated with a comma.

USEMAP=map-name

Identifies the picture as a client-side image map and specifies a MAP to use for acting on the user's clicks.

VSPACE=n

Along with HSPACE=, specifies margins for the image. Similar to BORDER=, except the margins are not painted with color when the image is a hyperlink.

WIDTH=n

Along with HEIGHT=, specifies the size at which the picture is drawn. If the picture's actual dimensions differ from those specified, the picture is stretched to match what's specified. Internet Explorer also uses this to draw a placeholder of appropriate size for the picture before it is loaded.


INPUT

Specifies a form control.

<INPUT
   ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT
   [CHECKED|]
   MAXLENGTH=length
   NAME=name
   SIZE=size
   SRC=address
   TYPE=type
   VALUE=value>

Parameters

ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT

Specifies how the next line of text will be aligned with the image. Used when TYPE=IMAGE. The align-type can be TOP, MIDDLE, or BOTTOM.

CHECKED

Sets a check box or radio button to "selected" when the form first loads.

MAXLENGTH=length

Indicates the maximum number of characters that can be entered into a text control.

NAME=name

Specifies the name of the control.

SIZE=size

Specifies the size of the control (in characters). For TEXTAREA-type controls, both height and width can be specified using this format: "width,height".

SRC=address

Specifies the address of the image to be used. Used when TYPE=IMAGE.

TYPE=type

Specifies what type of control to use. The type can be one of these values:

CHECKBOX 	Used for simple Boolean attributes or for attributes that can take multiple values at the same time. It is represented by a number of check box fields, each of which has the same name. Each selected check box generates a separate name/value pair in the submitted data, even if this results in duplicate names. The default value for check boxes is "on."

HIDDEN 	No field is presented to the user, but the content of the field is sent with the submitted form. This value can be used to transmit state information about client/server interaction.

IMAGE 	An image field that you can click, causing the form to be immediately submitted. The coordinates of the selected point are measured in pixel units from the upper-left corner of the image, and are returned (along with the other contents of the form) in two name/value pairs. The x-coordinate is submitted under the name of the field with ".x" appended, and the y-coordinate is submitted under the name of the field with ".y" appended. Any VALUE attribute is ignored. The image itself is specified by the SRC attribute, exactly as for the IMAGE element.

PASSWORD 	The same as the TEXT attribute, except that text is not displayed as the user enters it.

RADIO 	Used for attributes that accept a single value from a set of alternatives. Each radio button field in the group should be given the same name. Only the selected radio button in the group generates a name/value pair in the submitted data. Radio buttons require an explicit VALUE attribute.

RESET 	A button that, when clicked, resets the form's fields to their specified initial values. The label to be displayed on the button can be specified just as for the SUBMIT button.

SUBMIT 	A button that, when clicked, submits the form. You can use the VALUE attribute to provide a non-editable label to be displayed on the button. The default label is application-specific. If a SUBMIT button is clicked in order to submit the form, and that button has a NAME attribute specified, that button contributes a name/value pair to the submitted data. Otherwise, a SUBMIT button makes no contribution to the submitted data.

TEXT 	Used for a single-line text-entry field. Use in conjunction with the SIZE and MAXLENGTH attributes.

This default control type is TEXT.

VALUE=value

For textual/numerical controls, specifies the default value of the control. For Boolean controls, specifies the value to be returned when the control is turned on.

Example

<FORM ACTION="http://intranet/survey" METHOD=POST>

<P>Name

<BR><INPUT NAME="CONTROL1" TYPE=TEXT VALUE="Your Name">

<P>Password

<BR><INPUT TYPE="PASSWORD" NAME="CONTROL2">

<P>Color

<BR><INPUT TYPE="RADIO" NAME="CONTROL3" VALUE="0" CHECKED>Red

<INPUT TYPE="RADIO" NAME="CONTROL3" VALUE="1">Green

<INPUT TYPE="RADIO" NAME="CONTROL3" VALUE="2">Blue

<P>Comments

<BR><INPUT TYPE="TEXTAREA" NAME="CONTROL4" SIZE="20,5" MAXLENGTH="250">

<P><INPUT NAME="CONTROL5" TYPE=CHECKBOX CHECKED>Send receipt

<P><INPUT TYPE="SUBMIT" VALUE="OK"><INPUT TYPE="RESET" VALUE="Reset">

</FORM>


ISINDEX

Indicates the presence of a searchable index.

<ISINDEX
   ACTION=url
   PROMPT=prompt-text>

Parameters

ACTION=url

Specifies the gateway program to which the string in the text box should be passed.

PROMPT=prompt-text

Specifies a prompt to be used instead of the default prompt.

Remarks

If the PROMPT= attribute is not used, the element displays the following message, followed by a text box:

"You can search this index. Type the keyword(s) you want to search for:"

When the user enters text and presses ENTER, that text is posted back to the page's URL as a query.

Example

<ISINDEX "http://intranet/search" PROMPT="Type keywords here.">


KBD

Text to be entered at the keyboard. Renders text in fixed-width and bold type.

<KBD>

Example

<KBD>The user should enter this text.</KBD>

Source

HTML 2


LI

Denotes one item of a list. In a DIR, MENU, OL, or UL block, denotes a new list item.

<LI
   TYPE=order-type
   VALUE=n>

Parameters

TYPE=order-type

Changes the style of an ordered list. The order-type can be one of these values:

A 	Use large letters.

a 	Use small letters.

I 	Use large Roman numerals.

i 	Use small Roman numerals.

1 	Use numbers.

VALUE=n

Changes the count of ordered lists as they progress.

Example

<DIR> <LI>Art

<LI>History

<LI>Literature

<LI>Sports

<LI>Entertainment

<LI>Science</DIR>


LINK

Establishes a hierarchical organization for navigating between documents. The LINK element must reside within the HEAD element. The HEAD element may contain several LINK elements.

<LINK
   HREF=URL>
   REL=forward link type
   REV=reverse link type
   TITLE=title
   TYPE=type

Parameters

HREF=URL

Specifies the URL that has a relationship to the current document.

REL=forward link type

Specifies the forward link type, that is, the type of document to which the link is being made. Note that link type "stylesheet" is hereby defined to signify that the associated LINK element specifies a link to a style sheet that may be applied to the HTML document containing the LINK element.

REV=reverse link type

TITLE=title

Indicates an advisory title string. The character string supplied with this attribute is recommended for use in building a menu of alternative styles.

TYPE=type

Specifies the Internet media type and associated parameters for the linked style sheet. This allows the user agent to disregard style sheets in unsupported notations, without the need to first make a remote query across the network.

Example

<LINK HREF="http://www.microsoft.com/newdocnewdoc.htm">


LISTING

Renders text in fixed-width type.

<LISTING>

Example

<LISTING>Here's some plain text.</LISTING>


MAP

Specifies a collection of hot spots for a client-side image map.

<MAP
   NAME=name>

Parameters

NAME=name

Gives the MAP a name so it can be referred to later. See below for an example of a client-side image map.

Example

<MAP NAME="map1">

     <AREA ... >

    <AREA ... >

</MAP>


MARQUEE

Creates a scrolling text marquee.

<MARQUEE
   ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT
   BEHAVIOR=type
   BGCOLOR=color
   DIRECTION=direction
   HEIGHT=n
   HSPACE=n
   LOOP=n
   SCROLLAMOUNT=n
   SCROLLDELAY=n
   VSPACE=n
   WIDTH=n>

Parameters

ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT

Specifies how the surrounding text should align with the marquee. The align-type can be one of these values:

TOP 	Surrounding text aligns with the top of the marquee.

MIDDLE 	Surrounding text aligns with the middle of the marquee.

BOTTOM 	Surrounding text aligns with the bottom of the marquee.

BEHAVIOR=type

Specifies how the text should behave. The type can be one of these values:

SCROLL 	Start completely off one side, scroll all the way across and completely off, and then start again. This is the default.

SLIDE 	Start completely off one side, scroll in, and stop as soon as the text touches the other margin.

ALTERNATE 	Bounce back and forth within the marquee.

BGCOLOR=color

Specifies a background color for the marquee. The color can be either a hexadecimal number (optionally preceded by a number (#) sign) specifying a red-green-blue color value, or a predefined color name as described in Color.

DIRECTION=direction

Specifies in which direction the text should scroll. The direction can be LEFT or RIGHT. The default is LEFT, which means scrolling to the left from the right.

HEIGHT=n

Specifies the height of the marquee, either in pixels or as a percentage of the screen height. To specify a percentage, the n must end with a percent (%) sign.

HSPACE=n

Specifies left and right margins for the outside of the marquee, in pixels.

LOOP=n

Specifies how many times a marquee will loop when activated. If n=-1, or if LOOP=INFINITE is specified, it will loop indefinitely.

SCROLLAMOUNT=n

Specifies the number of pixels between each successive draw of the marquee text.

SCROLLDELAY=n

Specifies the number of milliseconds between each successive draw of the marquee text.

VSPACE=n

Specifies top and bottom margins for the outside of the marquee, in pixels.

WIDTH=n

Sets the width of the marquee, either in pixels or as a percentage of the screen width. To specify a percentage, the n must end with a percent (%) sign.

Example

<MARQUEE DIRECTION=RIGHT BEHAVIOR=SCROLL SCROLLAMOUNT=10 SCROLLDELAY=200>This is a scrolling marquee.</MARQUEE>


MENU

Denotes a list of items. Specifies that the following block consists of individual items, each beginning with an LI element.

<MENU>

Example

<MENU>

<LI>This is the first item in the menu.

<LI>And this is the second item in the menu.

</MENU>


META

Provides information about an HTML document to browsers, search engines, and other applications.

<META
   HTTP-EQUIV=response
   CONTENT=description
   NAME=description
   URL=url>

Parameters

HTTP-EQUIV=response

Binds the element to an HTTP response header. This information is then used based on the application reading the header. See the examples that follow.

CONTENT=description

Defines the meta-information content to be associated with the given name or HTTP response header. Can be used with URL= and a date and time specification to reload a document at a specified interval. See the Author's Guide section "Client Pull" or the examples that follow.

NAME=description

Contains a description of the document.

URL=url

Indicates the document's URL.

Examples

If the document contains:

<META HTTP-EQUIV="Expires"

      CONTENT="Tue, 04 Dec 1996 21:29:02 GMT">

<meta http-equiv="Keywords" CONTENT="HTML, Reference">

<META HTTP-EQUIV="Reply-to"

      content="anybody@microsoft.com">

<Meta Http-equiv="Keywords" CONTENT="HTML Reference Guide">

then the server may include the following header fields:

Expires: Tue, 04 Dec 1996 21:29:02 GMT

Keywords: HTML, Reference

Reply-to: anybody@microsoft.com

as part of the HTTP response to a GET or HEAD request for that document.

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<META HTTP-EQUIV="REFRESH" CONTENT=2>

<TITLE>Reload Document</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<P>This document will be reloaded every two seconds.

</BODY>

</HTML>

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<META HTTP-EQUIV="REFRESH" CONTENT="5; URL=http://www.sample.com/next.htm">

<TITLE>Load Next Document</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<P>After five seconds have elapsed, the document "http://www.sample.com/next.htm" will be loaded.

</BODY>

</HTML>


NOBR

Turns off line breaking. Renders text without line breaks.

<NOBR>

Example

<NOBR>Here's a line of text I don't want to be broken . . . here's the end of the line.</NOBR>


NOFRAMES

Indicates content viewable only by browsers that do not support frames. Browsers that support frames will not display content between the beginning and ending NOFRAMES tags. You can create a page that is compatible with both types of browser by using NOFRAMES.

<NOFRAMES>

Example

<FRAMESET>

 <NOFRAMES>You need Internet Explorer 3.0 to view frames!</NOFRAMES>

</FRAMESET>


OBJECT

Inserts an object, such as an image, document, applet, or control, into the HTML document. The end-tag is required. An object can contain any elements ordinarily used within the body of an HTML document, including section headings, paragraphs, lists, forms, and even nested objects.

<OBJECT
   ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT
   BORDER=n
   CLASSID=url
   CODEBASE=url
   CODETYPE=codetype
   DATA=url
   DECLARE
   HEIGHT=n
   HSPACE=n
   NAME=url
   SHAPES
   STANDBY=message
   TYPE=type
   USEMAP=url
   VSPACE=n
   WIDTH=n>

Parameters

ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT

Sets the alignment for the object. The align-type can be one of these values:

BASELINE 	The bottom of the object aligns with the baseline of surrounding text.

CENTER 	The object is centered between left and right margins. Subsequent text starts on the next line after the object.

LEFT 	The object aligns with the left margin, and subsequent text wraps along the right side of the object.

MIDDLE 	The middle of the object aligns with the baseline of surrounding text.

RIGHT 	The object aligns with the right margin, and subsequent text wraps along the left side of the object.

TEXTBOTTOM 	The bottom of the object aligns with the bottom of surrounding text.

TEXTMIDDLE 	The middle of the object aligns with the midpoint between the baseline and the x-height of the surrounding text.

TEXTTOP 	The top of the object aligns with the top of surrounding text.

BORDER=n

Specifies the width of the border if the object is defined to be a hyperlink.

CLASSID=url

Identifies the object implementation. The syntax of the url depends on the object type. For example, for registered ActiveX controls, the syntax is: CLSID:class-identifier.

CODEBASE=url

Identifies the code base for the object. The syntax of the url depends on the object.

CODETYPE=codetype

Specifies the Internet media type for code.

DATA=url

Identifies data for the object. The syntax of the url depends on the object.

DECLARE

Declares the object without instantiating it. Use this when creating cross-references to the object later in the document or when using the object as a parameter in another object.

HEIGHT=n

Specifies the suggested height for the object.

HSPACE=n

Specifies the horizontal gutter. This is the extra, empty space between the object and any text or images to the left or right of the object.

NAME=url

Sets the name of the object when submitted as part of a form.

SHAPES

Specifies that the object has shaped hyperlinks.

STANDBY=message

Sets the message to show while loading the object.

TYPE=type

Specifies the Internet media type for data.

USEMAP=url

Specifies the image map to use with the object.

VSPACE=n

Specifies the vertical gutter. This is the extra, empty space between the object and any text or images above or below the object.

WIDTH=n

Specifies the suggested width for the object.


OL

Draws lines of text as an ordered list. Specifies that the following block consists of individual items, each beginning with an LI tag. The items are numbered.

<OL
   START=n
   TYPE=order-type >

Parameters

START=n

Specifies a starting number for the list.

TYPE=order-type

Changes the style of the list. The order-type can be one of these values:

A 	Use large letters.

a 	Use small letters.

I 	Use large Roman numerals.

i 	Use small Roman numerals.

1 	Use numbers.

Example

<OL>

<LI>This is the first item in the list.

<LI>And this is the second item in the list.

</OL>

<OL START=3>

<LI>This is item number 3.

</OL>

<OL TYPE=A>

<LI>This is item A.

</OL>


OPTION

Denotes one choice in a list box. In a SELECT block, denotes one of the choices that will appear in the list.

<SELECT
   SELECTED
   VALUE=value>

Parameters

SELECTED

Indicates that this item is the default. If not present, item #1 becomes the default.

VALUE=value

Indicates the value that will be returned if this item is chosen.


P

Inserts a paragraph break and denotes a paragraph.

<P
   ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT>

Parameters

ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT

Sets the alignment of the paragraph. The align-type can be LEFT, CENTER, or RIGHT. Default is left alignment.

Remarks

The end-tag is optional.

Example

<P>This is a paragraph.</P>


PARAM

Sets property values for a given object.

<PARAM
   NAME=name
   VALUE=value
   VALUETYPE=type
   TYPE=type>

Parameters

NAME=name

Specifies the property name.

VALUE=value

Specifies the property value. The value is passed to the object without change except that any character or numeric character entities are replaced with their corresponding character values.

VALUETYPE=type

Specifies how to interpret the value. The type can be one of these values:

DATA 	The value is data. This is the default value type.

REF 	The value is a URL.

OBJECT 	The value is a URL of an object in the same document.

TYPE=type

Specifies the Internet media type.

Remarks

This element is valid only within an OBJECT element. The end-tag is optional.


PLAINTEXT

Renders text in fixed-width type without processing tags. Also turns off HTML parsing until the browser encounters the </PLAINTEXT> tag.

<PLAINTEXT>

Example

<PLAINTEXT> Here's a sample of HTML: <A HREF="sample.url">This is a shortcut to sample.</A></PLAINTEXT>


PRE

Renders text in fixed-width type.

<PRE>

Example

<PRE>Here's some plain text.</PRE>

Source

HTML 2


S

Renders text in strikethrough type.

<S>

Example

<S>This text has a line through it.</S>


SAMP

Specifies sample text. Renders text in a small font. (If no FONT FACE is specified, the font used is fixed-width.)

<SAMP>

Example

<SAMP>Here is some text in a small fixed-width font.</SAMP>


SCRIPT

Specifies the inclusion of a script. Scripts execute and instantiate objects in the order in which they appear in the HTML. Named objects can be referenced only in the order in which they appear in the document.

<SCRIPT
     LANGUAGE=scripting language>

Parameters

LANGUAGE=scripting language

Indicates the ActiveX Scripting language in which the enclosed script was written. Examples of an ActiveX Scripting language are "VBScript" and "JScript".

Example

<SCRIPT>

<SCRIPT language="VBScript">

    '... Additional VBScript statements ...

</SCRIPT>


SELECT

Denotes a list box or dropdown list.

<SELECT
   MULTIPLE
   NAME=name
   SIZE=n>

Parameters

MULTIPLE

Indicates that multiple items can be selected.

NAME=name

Specifies a name for the list.

SIZE=n

Specifies the height of the list control.

Example

<SELECT NAME="Cars" MULTIPLE SIZE="1">

    <OPTION VALUE="1">BMW

    <OPTION VALUE="2">PORSCHE

    <OPTION VALUE="3" SELECTED>MERCEDES

</SELECT>


SMALL

Makes text one size smaller.

<SMALL>

Example

<SMALL>This text is smaller.</SMALL>


SPAN

Applies style information to text within a document. SPAN can be used to do localized formatting to text using STYLE as an attribute. See STYLE.

<SPAN>
   STYLE=

Example

<SPAN STYLE="margin-left: 1.0in"> This paragraph is 1.0 inches from the left margin.<SPAN>


STYLE

Provides a means for including rendering information using a specified style notation. Information in the STYLE element overrides client defaults and that of linked style sheets. It allows authors to specify overrides, while for the most part using a generic style sheet, and as such improves the effectiveness of caching schemes for linked style sheets.

<STYLE>

Example

<STYLE>

BODY {background: white; color: black}

H1 {font: 14pt Arial bold}

P {font: 10pt Arial; text-indent: 0.5in}

A {text-decoration: none; color: blue}


STRIKE

Renders text in strikethrough type.

<STRIKE>

Example

<STRIKE>This text has a line through it.</STRIKE>


STRONG

Emphasizes the text. Usually displays the text in bold.

<STRONG>

Example

<STRONG>This text will be bold.</STRONG>


SUB

Renders text in subscript.

<SUB>

Example

<SUB>This text is rendered as subscript.</SUB>


SUP

Renders text in superscript.

<SUP>

Example

<SUP>This text is rendered as superscript.</SUP>


TABLE

Creates a table. The table is empty unless you create rows and cells using the TR, TD, and TH elements.

<TABLE
   ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT
   BACKGROUND=url
   BGCOLOR=color
   BORDER=n
   BORDERCOLOR=color
   BORDERCOLORDARK=color
   BORDERCOLORLIGHT=color
   CELLPADDING=n
   CELLSPACING=n
   COLS=n
   FRAME=frame-type
   RULES=rule-type
   WIDTH=n

Parameters

ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT

Specifies the table alignment. The align-type can be one of these values:

LEFT 	The table is left-aligned. This is the default alignment.

RIGHT 	The table is right-aligned. If the table is less than the width of the window, text following the table wraps along the left side of the table.

BACKGROUND=url

Specifies a background picture. The picture is tiled behind the text and graphics in the table, table head, or table cell.

BGCOLOR=color

Sets background color. The color is either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

BORDER=n

Sets the size, in pixels, of the table border. The default is zero.

BORDERCOLOR=color

Sets border color and must be used with the BORDER attribute. The color is either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

BORDERCOLORLIGHT=color

Sets independent border color control over one of the two colors used to draw a 3-D border, opposite of BORDERCOLORDARK, and must be used with the BORDER attribute. The color is either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

BORDERCOLORDARK=color

Sets independent border color control over one of the two colors used to draw a 3-D border, opposite of BORDERCOLORLIGHT, and must be used with the BORDER attribute. The color is either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

CELLPADDING=n

Sets the amount of space, in pixels, between the sides of a cell and its contents.

CELLSPACING=n

Sets the amount of space, in pixels, between the frame (exterior) of the table and the cells in the table.

COLS=n

Sets the number of columns in the table. If given, this attribute may speed up processing of tables, especially lengthy ones.

FRAME=frame-type

Specifies which sides of a frame (outer borders) are displayed. The frame-type can be one of these values:

VOID 	Removes all outside table borders.

ABOVE 	Displays a border on the top side of the table frame.

BELOW 	Displays a border on the bottom side of the table frame.

HSIDES 	Displays a border on the top and bottom sides of the table frame.

LHS 	Displays a border on the left-hand side of the table frame.

RHS 	Displays a border on the right-hand side of the table frame.

VSIDES 	Displays a border on the left and right sides of the table frame.

BOX 	Displays a border on all sides of the table frame.

BORDER 	Displays a border on all sides of the table frame.

RULES=rule-type

Specifies which dividing lines (inner borders) are displayed. The rule-type can be one of these values:

NONE 	Removes all interior table borders.

GROUPS 	Displays horizontal borders between all table groups. Groups are specified by the THEAD, TBODY, TFOOT, and COLGROUP elements.

ROWS 	Displays horizontal borders between all table rows.

COLS 	Displays vertical borders between all table columns.

ALL 	Displays a border on all rows and columns.

WIDTH=n

Sets the width of the table in pixels or as a percentage of the window. To set a percentage, the n must end with a percent (%) sign.

Remarks

The end-tag is required.

The optional THEAD, TBODY, TFOOT, COLGROUP, and COL elements can be used to organize a table and apply attributes across columns and groups of columns.

Example

<TABLE BORDER=1 WIDTH=80%>

<THEAD>

<TR>

    <TH>Heading 1</TH>

    <TH>Heading 2</TH>

</TR>

<TBODY>

<TR>

    <TD>Row 1, Column 1 text.</TD>

    <TD>Row 1, Column 2 text.</TD>

</TR>

<TR>

    <TD>Row 2, Column 1 text.</TD>

    <TD>Row 2, Column 2 text.</TD>

</TR>

</TABLE>


TBODY

Defines the table body. Use this element to distinguish the rows in the table header or footer from those in the main body of the table.

<TBODY>

Remarks

If a table does not have a header or footer (does not have a THEAD or TFOOT element), the TBODY element is optional. The end-tag is always optional.

You can use the TBODY element more than once in a table. This is useful for dividing lengthy tables into smaller units and for controlling the placement of horizontal rules.

Example

<TABLE>

<THEAD>

<TR>

    ...

</TR>

<TBODY>

<TR>

    ...

</TR>

</TBODY>

</TABLE>


TD

Creates a cell in a table.

<TD
   ALIGN=CENTER|LEFT|RIGHT
   BACKGROUND=url
   BGCOLOR=color
   BORDERCOLOR=color
   BORDERCOLORLIGHT=color
   BORDERCOLORDARK=color
   COLSPAN=n
   NOWRAP=NOWRAP
   ROWSPAN=n
   VALIGN=align-type>

Parameters

ALIGN=CENTER|LEFT|RIGHT

Specifies the horizontal alignment of text in a cell. By default, text is centered.

BACKGROUND=url

Specifies a background picture. The picture is tiled behind the text and graphics in the table, table head, or table cell.

BGCOLOR=color

Sets background color. The color is either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

BORDERCOLOR=color

Sets border color and must be used with the BORDER attribute. The color is either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

BORDERCOLORLIGHT=color

Sets independent border color control over one of the two colors used to draw a 3-D border, opposite of BORDERCOLORDARK, and must be used with the BORDER attribute. The color is either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

BORDERCOLORDARK=color

Sets independent border color control over one of the two colors used to draw a 3-D border, opposite of BORDERCOLORLIGHT, and must be used with the BORDER attribute. The color is either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

VALIGN=align-type

Specifies the vertical alignment of text in the cell. The align-type can be one of these values:

TOP 	Text is aligned with the top of each cell.

MIDDLE 	Text is aligned in the middle of each cell.

BOTTOM 	Text is aligned with the bottom of each cell.

BASELINE 	Text in adjoining cells in a row is aligned along a common baseline.

By default, text is aligned in the middle of the cell.

Remarks

This element is valid only within a row in a table, that is, you must use a TR element before using TD. All attributes are optional. The end-tag is optional.


TEXTAREA

Creates a multiple-line text entry control in which the user can enter and edit text.

<TEXTAREA
   COLS=n
   NAME=name
   ROWS=n>

Parameters

COLS=n

Sets the width, in characters, of the text area.

NAME=n

Sets the name of the text area. This name is used when the element is used within a FORM element.

ROWS=n

Sets the height, in characters, of the text area.

Remarks

The end-tag is required. Any text between the start-tag and end-tag is used as the initial value for the control.


TFOOT

Defines the table footer. Use this element to distinguish the rows in the table footer from those in the header or main body of the table.

<TFOOT>

Remarks

The table footer is optional, but if given only one footer is allowed. The TFOOT element is valid only within a table; you must use a TABLE element before using this element. The end-tag is optional.

Example

<TABLE>

<TBODY>

    <TR>

    ...

    </TR>

<TFOOT>

    <TR>

    ...

    </TR>

</TABLE>


TH

Creates a row or column heading in a table. The element is similar to the TD element but emphasizes the text in the cell to distinguish it from text in TD cells.

<TH
   ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT
   BACKGROUND=url
   BGCOLOR=color
   BORDERCOLOR=color
   BORDERCOLORLIGHT=color
   BORDERCOLORDARK=color
   COLSPAN=n
   NOWRAP=NOWRAP
   ROWSPAN=n
   VALIGN=align-type>

Parameters

ALIGN=LEFT|CENTER|RIGHT

Specifies the alignment of text in the cell. By default, text is centered.

BACKGROUND=url

Specifies a background picture. The picture is tiled behind the text and graphics in the table, table head, or table cell.

BGCOLOR=color

Sets background color. The color is either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

BORDERCOLOR=color

Sets border color and must be used with the BORDER attribute. The color is either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

BORDERCOLORLIGHT=color

Sets independent border color control over one of the two colors used to draw a 3-D border, opposite of BORDERCOLORDARK, and must be used with the BORDER attribute. The color is either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

BORDERCOLORDARK=color

Sets independent border color control over one of the two colors used to draw a 3-D border, opposite of BORDERCOLORLIGHT, and must be used with the BORDER attribute. The color is either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

COLSPAN=n

Indicates the number of table columns this cell spans.

NOWRAP=NOWRAP

Prevents word wrapping within the cell. Lines of text appear as given in the HTML document.

ROWSPAN=n

Indicates the number of table rows this cell spans.

VALIGN=align-type

Specifies the vertical alignment of text in the table. The align-type can be one of these values:

TOP 	Text is aligned with the top of each cell.

MIDDLE 	Text is aligned in the middle of each cell.

BOTTOM 	Text is aligned with the bottom of each cell.

BASELINE 	Text in adjoining cells in a row is aligned along a common baseline.

By default, text is aligned in the middle of the cell.

Remarks

This element is valid only within a row in a table, that is, you must use a TR element before using TH. All attributes are optional. The end-tag is optional.


THEAD

Defines the table header. Use this element to distinguish the rows in the table header from those in the footer or main body of the table.

<THEAD>

Remarks

The table header is optional, but if given only one header is allowed. The THEAD element is valid only within a table; you must use a TABLE element before using this element. The end-tag is optional.

Example

<TABLE>

<THEAD>

    <TR>

    ...

    </TR>

<TBODY>

    <TR>

    ...

    </TR>

</TABLE>


TITLE

Specifies a title for the document. Internet Explorer uses this for the window caption.

This element is valid only within the HEAD element. The end-tag is required.

<TITLE>

Example

<HEAD>

<TITLE>"Welcome To Internet Explorer!"</TITLE>

</HEAD>


TR

Creates a row in a table.

<TR
   ALIGN=CENTER|LEFT|RIGHT
   BACKGROUND=url
   BGCOLOR=color
   BORDERCOLOR=color
   BORDERCOLORLIGHT=color
   BORDERCOLORDARK=color
   VALIGN=align-type>

Parameters

ALIGN=CENTERLEFT|RIGHT

BACKGROUND=url

Specifies a background picture. The picture is tiled behind the text and graphics in the table, table head, or table cell.

BGCOLOR=color

Sets background color. The color is either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

BORDERCOLOR=color

Sets border color and must be used with the BORDER attribute. The color is either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

BORDERCOLORLIGHT=color

Sets independent border color control over one of the two colors used to draw a 3-D border, opposite of BORDERCOLORDARK, and must be used with the BORDER attribute. The color is either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

BORDERCOLORDARK=color

Sets independent border color control over one of the two colors used to draw a 3-D border, opposite of BORDERCOLORLIGHT, and must be used with the BORDER attribute. The color is either a hexadecimal, red-green-blue color value or a predefined color name. See Color.

VALIGN=align-type

Specifies the vertical alignment of text in the cells of the row. The align-type can be one of these values:

TOP 	Text is aligned with the top of each cell.

MIDDLE 	Text is aligned in the middle of each cell.

BOTTOM 	Text is aligned with the bottom of each cell.

BASELINE 	Text in adjoining cells in a row is aligned along a common baseline.

By default, text is aligned in the middle of the cell.


TT

Indicates teletype. Renders text in fixed-width type.

<TT>

Example

<TT>Here's some plain text.</TT>


U

Renders text underlined.

<U>

Example

<U>This text has a line under it.</U>


UL

Draws lines of text as a bulleted list. Specifies that the following block consists of individual items, each beginning with an LI tag. The items are bulleted.

<UL>

Example

<UL>

<LI>This is the first bulleted item in the list.

<LI>And this is the second bulleted item in the list.

</UL>


VAR

Indicates placeholder text for a variable. Displays text in a small, fixed-width type.

<VAR>

Example

Enter the <VAR>filename</VAR> in the dialog box.


WBR

Inserts a soft line break in a block of NOBR text.

Example

<NOBR> This line of text will not break, no matter how narrow the window gets.<WBR> This one, however<WBR>, will.</NOBR>


XMP

Indicates example text. Displays text in fixed-width type.

<XMP>

Example

<XMP>Here's some plain text.</XMP>